health

Low Carb Recipe & Snack Ideas: Sides & Vegetables

2010-12-30T05:47:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Food Ideas for People on the Go

2010-12-30T01:08:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Recipe & Snack Ideas: Desserts

2010-12-29T20:28:00.000-08:00

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Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder

2010-12-29T16:57:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #12

2010-12-29T12:39:00.000-08:00

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Obesity and Anorexia Nervosa

2010-12-29T08:24:00.000-08:00

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Are you obese or just overweight?

2010-12-29T04:28:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #10

2010-12-29T00:17:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #11

2010-12-28T21:11:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Recipe & Snack Ideas: Main Meals

2010-12-28T16:39:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #16

2010-12-28T12:36:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #20

2010-12-28T08:52:00.000-08:00

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Hair Loss Information

2010-12-28T03:58:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Recipe & Snack Ideas: Main Meals 2

2010-12-28T00:13:00.000-08:00

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Obesity and Bulimia Nervosa

2010-12-27T19:38:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #13

2010-12-27T14:54:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #9

2010-12-27T11:04:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #18

2010-12-27T07:59:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Recipe & Snack Ideas: Beverages

2010-12-27T03:34:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #17

2010-12-26T22:56:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Recipe & Snack Ideas: Appetizers

2010-12-26T18:24:00.000-08:00

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Understanding your Weight: Calories

2010-12-26T15:23:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #14

2010-12-26T10:50:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #19

2010-12-26T07:14:00.000-08:00

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Low Carb Dieting Success Tips: #15

2010-12-26T03:10:00.000-08:00

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Light Therapy - A Cure For Skin Problems And Other Disorders

2010-12-25T22:45:00.000-08:00

1. What Can Light Therapy Cure?

- Psoriasis
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Atopic dermatitis
- Other skin disorders
- Sleep disturbance
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Mental disorders
- Schizoaffective
- Bipolar disorders

2. Treatment

Under the treatment, patients are exposed directly to full-spectrum bright light. The patient either sits down, if a light box is used as the source, or has some degree of mobility if a light visor is used. The duration of the exposure depends on the seriousness of the condition, reduction or elimination of the symptoms and light strength. Depression is one condition that is eliminated through the therapy. The affected individual's biological clock, or the natural course of one's waking and sleeping hours, is gradually normalized following light therapy. The process involves gradually increasing the time exposed to a high-intensity fluorescent lamp from about 30 minutes up to about 2 hours every morning - the time when the therapy is said to be most effective. Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression caused by the absence of or limited exposure to sunlight during fall and winter. The use of light therapy has been cited by up to 90% of individuals with SAD as helpful in making them feel better, possibly because the treatment takes the place of sunlight exposure. SAD symptoms could take as long as three weeks before they are relieved through the therapy.

3. Not A Replacement For Traditional Care

Although the treatment is safe, most experts do not see light therapy as a replacement to traditional medical care. However, the approach is considered a good complement to other therapies. Patients should visit their health practitioner if treatment fails to eliminate symptoms of depression, or specially if they worsen, following an extended period of time. As with regular therapy, some side effects have also been observed with light therapy. These include headache, sweating, eyestrain, nausea, and agitation. More extreme and adverse effects include skin damage, eye cancer and skin and genital cancer. Some patients have also reported difficulty in falling asleep, although these are mostly individuals having the treatment towards the end of the day. Relief from insomnia is achieved mainly by reducing light exposure time and having the therapy earlier in the day, or by applying dawn simulation. The therapy is not advisable for individuals with sensitive skin and eyes.

4. Light Booth Studies - Does This Actually Work?

Light boxes, ultra violet booths, commercial tanning beds and related equipment also pose the question of cost. If the doctor being consulted has these equipment in the clinic, the problem would be more of a time issue, or ensuring daily or regular visits. Some companies have light therapy equipment for rent, although insurance coverage may not include these as part of the treatment. Psychiatric research from the Chapel Hill School of Medicine at the University of North Carolina has found comparable results between phototherapy, or light therapy, and antidepressant drug therapy in the treatment of SAD and other mood disorders. The 2005 study applied systematic statistical analysis to earlier clinical literature covering 20 randomized studies. These studies focused on 18- to 65-year-old adults who exhibited mood disorder and were grouped into four treatment classes: bright light for non-seasonal depression, bright light for SAD, integrated bright light-regular antidepressant use for non=seasonal sufferers and dawn simulation.

Scientists found that the elimination of methodologically flawed studies from the controlled set and meta-analysis of the remaining organized material established the efficacy of light therapy for SAD and depression. UNC psychiatry chairman Dr. Robert Golden, who is also vice dean of the UNC medical school, noted that light therapy intervention delivered results comparable to traditional depression treatments as detailed in medical literature. Although the scientists concluded that light therapy is an effective treatment for SAD and non-seasonal disorders, they emphasized that the research did not establish the treatment's safety and/or negative side effects because of limited related data. Researchers also did not look at the effects of light therapy on the aged, children and adolescents.

For more great light therapy related articles and resources check out http://light.naturaltherapieshq.com

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Alcohol Rehab In Massachusetts: The Best Care And Counseling

2010-12-25T18:20:00.000-08:00

In the alcohol rehab in Massachusetts the alcohol addicts get treated for their addiction like other alcohol addiction programs. But the difference is the rehab programs also treat patient so as to make him or her adjust smoothly in their societies. That means a rehab program is complete program, which takes care that the addict comes out of their addiction and leads a normal life.

When anyone gets admitted into alcohol rehab in Massachusetts, he or she will be given a detox treatment first. In the detox treatment whatever alcohol is accumulated in their body will be removed. In short the entire body will become alcohol free. In detox the patient will have to stay away from their addiction and follow the medicines given by the rehab center. Giving the patient the proper medication will cure whatever will be the withdrawal symptoms, in the detox treatment program.

There is no fixed time limit for this detox treatment. The shortest detox program is of three days while the longest can be of three weeks long. The main reason behind giving detox treatment is to make the body pure, so as to remove the accumulated alcohol from patient's body. If this treatment will not be done and a patients takes other treatment and comes out of the center and leads a normal life without consuming alcohol, then there is a chance that in future life they might get into some health condition due to the accumulated alcohol in their body.

Alcohol addict may develop major liver complications in later part of their lives. To prevent getting into any such trouble, the addict must make sure to undergo a detox treatment program. By removing the alcohol from the body of the addict, the detox also helps in lessening the urge of having alcohol in addict in future.
Hence the detox treatment program is the main part of the alcohol rehab in Massachusetts. One more such important feature of the rehab program in Massachusetts is the counseling given to the patient in each and every stage of the treatment program. The main aim of the counseling program is to make the addict educated about what is alcohol addiction and what the alcohol addiction can lead them into. The counseling given in the rehab program is done in a professional manner. The counseling will also be given to the addict's family and friends. This will help them in dealing with their patient, once he or she goes back home.

The patient will also be given training on how they can fight if the urge to drink alcohol comes back in near future. Not giving in to your bodies cravings for alcohol is the toughest thing for anyone who has just come out of rehab program. The patient will be told various methods to control their urge to drink alcohol.

Depending upon the physical and mental conditions of patients, the rehab program offers various treatment options. The patients will also be taught Yoga, relaxation exercises and breathing exercises. The patient will also be given various therapies like aromatherapy, massage therapy, acupressure and acupuncture. This all will make it possible for the patient to kill the urge to consume alcohol. This way the patients can be prevented from going into relapse.

The family and friends of the patient will also be given proper training on how they can help the patient to stay away from alcohol and what they should do if the patient goes into relapse. They will also be trained on how they should react and what they should say to the patient in various conditions. They will also be trained to identify the trouble signs in the patient, so that they can take care of the patient before the situation goes out of control.

Thus the alcohol rehab in Massachusetts takes care of each and every aspect of the addict's treatment requirement. Even the tiniest things related with the patient are given quite a bit of thought. The patient will not only come out of his or her alcohol addiction but also feel confident enough o face the world with more energy and enthusiasm. This explains why the rehab programs are popular for getting treatment for alcohol addiction.

You can find more information about alcohol rehab in Massachusetts by clicking on the text link.

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Does Oily Skin Automatically Mean Acne?

2010-12-24T21:13:00.000-08:00

People who think of oily skin also associate it with problems of acne. However, does oily skin necessarily mean you will be prone to acne outbreaks? Teenagers beginning to deal with hormone changes are often those most worried about this association, and it is important to understand the truth behind oily skin before hitting your personal panic button.

Here is the short of it: oily skin does not always mean acne. So first of all, stop stressing, as stress is a known factor that leads to acne outbreaks. Though oily skin is a very real cause behind acne outbreaks, it is not the only contributor.

The reason people get acne outbreaks along with oily skin is mainly because they are not doing enough to prevent it. Yes, there are people out there with severe acne which is difficult to control and requires medical attention.

However, this is a different case from the average Joe looking for some effective ways to treat and prevent acne outbreaks. When you have oily skin, the excess sebum causes dead skin, dirt, and other particles to become clogged in pores, leading to inflamed areas and places for bacteria to multiply in.

If left untreated, your face may become the site of a war zone as your white blood cells fight off the bacteria and pores try to breathe. More sebum during all this is not going to help the situation.
However, if you take the necessary steps to keep your face clean, your pores clear, and as little oil as necessary on your skin, you may easily be able to avoid acne outbreaks.

True, you will not be able to stop every little pimple that makes an appearance, but a few is much easier to treat than a whole troop. What you need to do is create a skin care regimen and follow it depending upon the needs of your skin. Some people need to wash their face daily, but others may only wash every other day, as too much washing will only push your glands to make more oil to make up for the loss.

You do not want to be counterproductive, so if you realize washing once a day is not working, do not become frustrated and wash more; do the opposite and try washing less.

There are certain things you will want to do in your new skin regimen that will help cut down on the oil and give you a better shot at being acne free. First you will want to cleanse your skin using a good cleanser and temperate water. You will then want to exfoliate, which will help clean out pores and get rid of any excess dead skin cells on your face that can add to pore clogging.

Once you have rinsed, apply an astringent to help close up pores. From there, you can either be finished for the day or you can apply other products meant to help soak up oil as your day goes by, or you can choose to use blotters to pat your face throughout the day in case you notice too much oil on your face.

You can find any number of products on the market that serve people with oily skin. However, you do not need a moisturizer as the oil does enough for you. If you really want one though, be sure to get a water based or other truly oil free moisturizer. As for astringents, you can either buy one or simply use very cold water on your face to get the same effect.

Keeping your skin clean and healthy is the key to avoiding acne outbreaks even with oily skin. With the right products and the right care, you will be able to easily deal with oily skin and have no worries over acne.

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Causes And Symptoms of Sore Throat

2010-12-24T16:29:00.000-08:00

Very common and known reason for having a throat infection is due to attack of bacteria. Bacteria which can be caused by many of the common illness such as common cold, fever, flu and other disease which affects your throat indirectly.

The other known problems due to which you can suffer sore throat are due to smoking, polluted air, consumption of alcohol and any other allergies you are suffering from. This causes lot of pain and be very uncomfortable to the patient. Sore throat problem can be easily treated and some can be a relentless pain in your neck.

Some may feel a dry scratchy and painful feeling while talking or swallowing food. These are some of the known signs of having a sore throat. Even though with so many problems it cannot be termed as a disease, but a condition or a symptom of another illness.

Sometimes the sore throat problems can be easily treated and may not even require the presence of the doctor. But, if things do not look good with your throat, it has to be checked with the doctor and a thorough test has to be done before jumping into conclusions. It is being noticed that children are the main victims of having a sore throat.

With different illness you will have different symptoms of having a sore throat. When you are suffering from cold, influenza and mononucleosis they show some of these very common signs and symptoms of having a sore throat. This is a combined list of all the symptoms affecting you when attacked by these illnesses
-Continuous sneezing
-Cough
-Watery eyes
-Headache
-Slight Fever
-Scratchy throat
-Dry cough
-Body aches
-Loss of appetite
-Inflammation of liver

With an itching and discomforting throat you can get some relief by following these home remedy treatments
-Eat garlic on a regular basis; it is one of the most common things to have when you have a sore throat
-Gargle with warm salt water several times a day
-A simple tonic which can be made at home to give relief from your sore throat. A mixture of lemon juice and little honey in a glass of hot water serves up as a good sore throat reliever
-Increase your liquid intake
-Cut a slice of lemon and then dip it in a mixture of salt and black pepper. Then warm this lemon and then keep licking this lemon till there is no juice left in lime.
-Having figs and beetroot is also good
-Leafs of Basil or even juice of the same is very good for sore throat

Kevin Pederson has been managing a number of natural home remedies websites which have information on Home Based Remedies for sore throat. These remedies would help greatly if done on regular basis.

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Preventing Scarring From Acne

2010-12-24T12:39:00.000-08:00

Acne is most common in teens where hormones are upsetting the bodies balance and over productive oil glands along with clogged pores cause the start of pimples. While pimples will eventually go away, acne scarring can have longer lasting effects.

The most effective way to prevent acne scarring is to leave the acne alone. Don't touch your pimples or pop them as this can create scarring. Of course, reducing the incidence of acne and helping to keep it in control with proper cleaning methods as well as diet can go a long way towards reducing the temptation of pimple popping and thus, reduce the risk of scarring.

The best thing you can do to clear your acne is to develop a proper cleaning routine. This involves washing your skin with a gentle soap twice a day and can mean using acne treatment
products during the day and night. In addition to washes, you might try skin
exfoliates, day and night creams and facial scrubs.

If your doctor has prescribed medicine for your acne, always follow his directions for use. Never use harsh chemicals or soaps on your face.

It's important to make your acne treatment routine acne easy enough for you
to maintain. If you think that you don't have enough time for your regimen, then it is vital that you make more time, scale down the regimen or live with the acne. Maybe you need to get up a bit earlier or cut out half hour of TV at night, but won't having a clear complexion be worth it?

If you have a really bad case of acne, you may need to seek the help of a dermatologist. He can recommend prescriptions that may help and in some cases you may want to consider laser treatment that literally burns the bacteria out of the skin. This helps to unclog your pores and kills the bacteria which is the main pimple causing culprit. If you don't want to use chemical drugs or lasers, you may want to explore more natural herbal remedies for your skin.

If you do have unsightly scarring, you can get treatment. Scars from acne are deep inside the skin and acne laser scarring treatments can help to correct this in many cases. However, you do need to be careful when opting for this type of treatment as it can be expensive.

If you do decide the cost is worth it, then choose where you get the treatment carefully. Like most anything else, you get what you pay for and you need to pick a reputable doctor and not go with the best bargain. Bear in mind that you will need to pay a reasonable amount of money if you want good treatment results. You may need several sessions depending on how severe your scars are.

The benefits of treating acne scarring is that you get clearer, healthy skin. Your acne is not prone to returning because the laser treatment kills the bacteria and shrinks the glands that produce the oil which blocks your pores. Once you have the treatment, however you do need to make a commitment to yourself to take good care of your skin and eat right so you can have a clear and healthy complexion for life.

Lee Dobbins writes for Acne Articles where you can find out more about acne and other skin care topics.

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Dissolve Kidney Stones

2010-12-24T09:34:00.000-08:00

Dissolve Kidney Stones

In order to dissolve kidney stones you must initial know what they are. They're assembled up upon an collection of mineral salts that lodge in the urinary tract and up to eighty percent upon them are calcium oxalate also adressed as hypercalciuria. A large quantity of animal protein in the diet is among the primary reasons for these to occur, as this kind about protein is associated to the output of oxalate. In order to digest this the physique responds by over developing the digestive acids such boost the acidity on the blood. The bones are robbed on calcium in order to get the balance in the blood under restraint and what is left of the calcium is discharged in the urine. If the remaining amount about calcium is too large it starts to crystallize and over time this becomes into kidney stones.

It's proposed that prevention about calcium based stones are able to be done by coming a dieting such is vegetarian in nature. This can also benefit those that suffer from reoccurrences. There are a few things such are able to be done to eliminate stones at home for about ninety percent about the cases. This will save you an incredible amount on money also as assisting you to avoid a medical or surgical procedure.

On a daily basis we place chemicals and toxins in our body, we demand to detoxify the body in order to remove these excess poisons. A supplement similar as Vtiaforce are able to be employed to help with nutritional balance and give the immune system aid with its efficiency. There are as well many items obtainable to assist flush the kidneys, which in exchange helps to detoxify the body and dissolve kidney stones likewise.

Raw fruits and veggies, whole grains and juices along with distinguished some people fruits and starches are as well useful in this area. The recommendation for plenty of water is similar every hour you had better have at least sixteen ounces. This betters the operation about the urinary tract. There are herbs and organic items similar will benefit you likewise.

For more information about dissolving kidney stones, please visit Dissolve Kidney Stones.
James Willington is owner of the popular Dissolve Kidney Stones blog, which has several articles and guides about eliminating your kidney stones effectively.

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How to Get Slim and Shapley Thighs Quickly and Easily

2010-12-24T05:09:00.000-08:00

These two ways are:

ONE: The Easy Way TWO: The Hard Way

The Hard Way was basically a long painful list of the endless wrong and self-destructive ways of 'attempting' to get beautiful thin thighs, ranging from hurtful heavy weights and awkward machine type workout routines to fake spa treatments (like body wrapping and cellulite vibration) to 'slimming pills' to crazy 'diets' to crazy cleansing juice fasts to miracle thigh lotions and creams.

There were a lot more that we touched on - but I think you get the message. We then got to the subject of the highly desirable, 'Easy Way' of getting slim seductive thighs.

This, of course, generally assumes that a woman has flabby, fat, thick and wide thighs - that she is very unhappy, maybe even depressed with, and wants to slim them down and tone them up.

The 2 of us agreed that the quickest way for a lady to get smoking hot thighs is by:

Rule 1: By following a properly structured, and targeted exercise routine, that focuses on the problem areas (in this case - the fat thighs).

Rule 2: By combining that program with the right type and amount of cardiovascular exercise for calorie burning.

Rule 3: By eating clean diet of common, nutrient dense foods - that can be found in any grocery store!

Rule 4: >Most Important< href="http://www.lowerbodymakeover.com/">http://www.LowerBodyMakeover.com for more free tips and hot articles from Joey. He is also the highly touted author of Amazon Bestseller, 'Fatness to Fitness': http://www.YourFitnessBook.com

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Is Weight-Lifting Resulting in Hair Loss?

2010-12-24T00:31:00.000-08:00

How Weight-lifting Causes Baldness?
In normal condition, weight-lifting helps in building of our muscles and keeping us fit. A regular weight lift may also increase free testosterone level and this excess causes various physiological changes in our body like receding hairline, balding in the crown or general baldness in male. In female, it results in general thinning of hair.

A 45-minute work-out session can increase the level of testosterone (hormone) in our body by 25%. When this excess hormone is reacting with 5-alpha-reductase (an enzyme naturally found in our hair follicles), it is causing the formation of dihydrotestosterone (DTH). This DTH is responsible for shrinkage of hair follicles and roots.

Ways to Control Baldness:

While it is natural to loss 100-150 hairs on an average everyday, we start noticing thinning of hair only after we have lost half(50%) our hair! Listed below are some of the ways to control or prevent baldness affected by weight lifting:

Propecia(finasteride) is the first FDA-approved oral medication used for hair replacement in male and female, Rogaine topical solution is also used.

Low level laser therapy: Infrared light is used to enhance blood circulation, cellular metabolism, and supply of oxygen to the hair follicles in the scalp.

Hair replacement surgery.

It is absolutely necessary for proper treatment of hairloss to consult with your physician and, if possible, with your dietician to help you prepare with proper medication plan as well as a regular diet plan suited to your particular lifestyle.

You do not have to stop or curtail certain weight exercises to control baldness. All you have to do is to follow proper medication and treatment under physician's active guidance.

To find out more about Amitabh's work and read articles written by him visit YGoY

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Light Therapy - A Cure For Skin Problems And Other Disorders

2010-12-23T19:59:00.000-08:00

1. What Can Light Therapy Cure?

- Psoriasis
- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Atopic dermatitis
- Other skin disorders
- Sleep disturbance
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Mental disorders
- Schizoaffective
- Bipolar disorders

2. Treatment

3. Not A Replacement For Traditional Care

4. Light Booth Studies - Does This Actually Work?

For more great light therapy related articles and resources check out http://light.naturaltherapieshq.com

View the original article here

Health and beauty benefits of Aloe vera

2010-12-23T16:58:00.000-08:00

Health and beauty benefits of Aloe vera

Aloe vera is a member of the Lily family. This is the same family as the onion, garlic, asparagus and the tulip. The aloe vera plant prefers dry climates and grow in the arid areas of Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. There are more than 240 different species of aloe vera plant but only 4 contain significant healing properties. The type widely used in traditional herbal medicines from China, Japan and India.

Aloe vera also known as the Medicinal Aloe. It's been known for a very long time that it is a very powerful cleanser, healer and all-around health giver. Modern technologies are able to extract aloe vera into pure capsules or supplements. Aloe vera extracts have been shown to inhibit the growth of fungi that cause tinea. In contrast, Aloe vera extracts failed to show antibiotic properties against Xanthomonas species.

The symptoms of psoriasis can be reduced with Aloe vera also appears to work on heartburn, arthritis and rheumatism pain and asthma, and studies have shown that it has an effect on lowering blood sugar levels in diabetics.

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Alcohol Rehab In Massachusetts: The Best Care And Counseling

2010-12-23T12:25:00.000-08:00

You can find more information about alcohol rehab in Massachusetts by clicking on the text link.

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How to Treat Male Pattern Baldness?

2010-12-23T08:49:00.000-08:00

There is no official cure for male pattern baldness but there are lots of methods available to assist in treating it. These range from slowing hair growth to transplanting follicles from other areas on the head.

Over the counter treatments

There are a number of over the counter treatments, these include;

· Regaine - Regaine contains an active ingredient called Minoxidil. The original use of Minoxidil was as a treatment for blood pressure. Its use as a treatment for male pattern baldness was an accident. It was noted that when applied to the skin, it can promote hair growth. Regaine needs to be applied twice daily to the affected areas and can take a number of months to demonstrate its effects. Its results will vary from person to person but it can slow the onset of baldness or assist in re-growing hair.

Surgical Methods

There are a number of surgical methods such as;

· The transplantation of hair - Hair transplants are where blocks of healthy hair follicles are moved from another area on the scalp to the affected area. These are taken in very small blocks from the side of back of the head. Scarring can occur and the results can vary. They may be permanent or only last a short time.

Cosmetic

· Hairpiece - For those males that are really uncomfortable with balding hair and do not have the money for expensive transplantation surgery, they can have a hairpiece made.

Cooper is a budding blogger and online writer. He often reviews new products at his site. Find out about Regaine Hair?

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Pregnancy Yoga - Benefits of Pregnancy Yoga

2010-12-23T05:14:00.000-08:00

Pregnancy Yoga - Benefits of Pregnancy Yoga
There are a lot of people who are crazy about yoga. The reason why most people do yoga is that it makes them feel better and in shape. The different poses and postures make their body healthy. Yoga for most is the best way to relax and unwind. If you want to keep your body in shape, prepare for labor, and decrease stress, this might be the best exercise for you.

Did you know that yoga is good to fight certain illness that may come? There had been researches which proved that yoga helps you to control anxiety, reduces asthma, arthritis, blood pressure, back pain, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue, epilepsy, diabetes, headaches, stress and many more. It has also been shown it can help make labor easier, and quicker.

If you do yoga, your self esteem will be higher. It is important to gain more confidence inside and out so that you can face people with no worries. You will also learn techniques to manage pain during labor which will help you feel more confident in your body's ability to birth your baby.

Yoga is good for the body in increasing your muscle tone, strength, stamina and flexibility. All of these are important elements in giving birth. By doing pregnancy yoga you will find you are much better prepared to give birth and have what it takes to make it through what can be a long and sometimes difficult process.

If you need time to relax and forget your responsibilities, yoga will be good to improve your concentration and enhance your creativity. Yoga helps you to think more positively away from all anxieties. If you have a fresh mind, you can think of good things and apply it easily.

Your body needs to relax once in a while. Sometimes, being pregnant can leave us wasted and exhausted. During the difficult days, we may not find time to unwind because life goes on even when you are pregnant. Yoga can help you create a sense of calmness and well being.

Yoga exercise helps you improve a good circulation. Your organs and veins need to be exercised for it to function properly. This is particularly important when you are pregnant. It will help decrease the amount of swelling you experience in your lower extremities. Yoga can help stimulate your immune system and keep you away from diseases. If you have a good immune system, you can be sure that you are free from sickness.

Some people do yoga to be enlightened. They believe that yoga will help them bring up their spirit and keep them relieved. Yoga works differently for people be it spiritual, emotional, psychological, mental and physical. People think that yoga is only for spiritual people. That couldn't be farther from the truth. Finding time to practice pregnancy yoga will give you peace of mind and a sense of calm that will serve you well during labor and parenthood, your level of spirituality does not affect this.

Due to the pressure and demands of life, we become stressed out and we forget the essence of life. We tend to lose touch with the ones we used to spend time with, even ourselves. We find ourselves rushing most of the time with the deadlines and hassles we need to keep up with. This leaves us a small time to wander and have that physical awareness. These are the few things that yoga can provide. Once in a while, find time to dedicate a part of it to yourself to relax and unwind which only yoga can give. You will be glad you did when you can draw on all these benefits during labor, and when you are frustrated and exhausted dealing with a newborn.

The benefits of pregnancy yoga are obvious. Get started with your pregnancy yoga practice to experience the benefits in your pregnancy.

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Therapies For Diabetes Using Stem Cells

2010-12-23T01:04:00.000-08:00

This advance was dependent largely on progress in immunosuppressive drug therapy that allowed for a steroid-free regimen. Further advances in this area are likely to result in even better long term results as there is evidence that even the current improved drug regimens are toxic stem cells.

While the success of the Edmonton trial was an important proof of principle, it did not address the major problem with islet transplantation, which is actually the grossly inadequate supply of cadaveric pancreases as a source of islets. Solving this problem has been a major focus of research in stem cells biology and will surely have effects on stem cells banks.

Many different potential sources of cells for stem cells replacement, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, are being studied. Overall, three major sources of cells are being pursued. Those are embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells and cell lines.

Mainly because of the ethical concerns about cells, many studies have actually been directed towards inducing stem cell differentiation from adult stem cells, either from the pancreas or from other sources such as bone marrow. Although many investigators have claimed that stem cells from ectopic organs such as bone marrow can be induced to differentiate into a variety of cell types such as neurons, there have been no studies as yet in which cells have been generated from adult stem cells outside of the pancreas.

Questions have been raised recently about the plasticity of adult stem cells. The possibility that apparent differentiation may result from fusion of adult stem cells with differentiated cells has been raised. Elegant experiments using marked stem cells have not found evidence that bone marrow derived cells can differentiate into non hematopoietic lineage.

A great deal of effort has been made to identify stem cells within the pancreas. It has been known for some time that the pool of stem cells can be regenerated when placed under stress by a number of manipulations, including partial pancreatectomy, drugs, and immune medicated damage. A central question in cell biology concerns the identity of cells that give rise to the regenerated cells.

The author works for a stem cells bank and cord blood banks. They specialize in umbilical cord blood collection.

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Using Art Therapy for Amazing Stress Relief

2010-12-22T21:00:00.000-08:00

Using Art Therapy for Amazing Stress Relief

One of the more fascinating measures taken for stress relief can be had with an art therapy. With so many different forms of therapy today it's tough to know which are the most effective for which condition, but art therapy enjoys great success in helping people suffering from a collection of conditions that are both physical and mental. If you are looking for an exciting method for relieving stress, art therapy is a good option.

An art therapy session will help you show others how art can lead to self awareness and understanding, as well as how soothing it can be to engage in the creative process. Taking the time to focus on a piece of art alone can make a tremendous difference in how we live and think and can reduce stress amazingly. Art therapy also helps people to discover things about themselves based on what they draw. It is a good tool that psychologists use in assessing their patients.

Receiving art therapy can be done at your own pace if you go about finding places that offer it online. This is great for those who have families and can't change their lives. Art therapy will help you to get a better understanding of yourself and your lifestyle. It is a great way for you to find and get rid of the problems that you may be facing. Many hospitals and doctors offices would recommend art therapy but it can be difficult to find the right place for you so be sure to do your research before signing up with anyone in particular.

If you can imagine all of the artists out there who use their art as a means of expressing themselves, it will be easier for you to see that you can do it too. You don't necessarily have to be a perfect artist to benefit from this type of therapy; however, it helps to use this therapy as a means of expressing yourself. It is a great resource for getting out those feelings which can often be harmful when not expressed. Art has always been used as a way to express oneself so why not make it a part of your stress relief regimen?

If you are having a hard time dealing with your everyday stresses and if you are wondering what you can do to help ease your stresses, you should consider art therapy as a means of helping you. It can't hurt to give it a try. With alternative medicine becoming a preferred way to dealing with life's problems, art therapy is just a drug free method of controlling your stress which can also help to reduce many of your common illnesses. Search online for art therapy classes in your area.

By Abbas Abedi-To make all aspect of life easier you might take a look at my blog Stress Relief

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Acnezine Review - Does Acnezine Work?

2010-12-22T16:56:00.000-08:00

The Acnezine ingredients contains Vitamin E and Vitamin C and along with these vitamins there are few other things as well that consist of Aloe Vera, Collagen Hydrolyzed, Ubidecarenone Co-Enzyme Q10 and Bioperine Extract. All these natural ingredients combine to form an effective solution for all sorts of acne problems, i.e. mild and severe.

The Acnezine manufacturer recommends taking Acnezine for at least 6 months. However, there still are some of the people who have some speculations about using this product.

One of the Acnezine benefits is that since it uses all natural ingredients, it has very little to no side effects compared to more abrasive acne treatment products such as accutane and hydrogen peroxide, common chemicals in acne medication products.

Also, the working of Acnezine is different to that of topical acne treatment options as it works from the inside out. Acnezine solves the root problem of acne whereas most acne medications only resolve or diminish the symptoms of acne.

So does Acnezine work?

One of the main reasons why many people think acnezine is a scam is because they do not see any immediate apparent effects to their acne problems compared to traditional over the counter acne medications. Since acnezine works from the inside out, it will take a longer time to cure your acne permanently. I recommend taking acnezine for at least 6 months.

Since Acnezine is herbal in nature, it can be taken long term without any side effects. Compared with other acne medication, the price of acnezine is reasonable.

If you want to get rid of your acne permanently without any side effects, I highly recommend you try out Acnezine.

If you want to get rid of your acne permanently without any side effects, I highly recommend you check out my Acnezine review. Subscribe to my Free 30 day Acne Ecourse and learn secret homemade remedies for acne.

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Lose 30 Pounds In 30 Days

2010-12-22T12:52:00.000-08:00

There are some changes, which are seen in the people that had a few pounds to lose and put in some effort as far as routine and diet is concerned and now they look great. Those who have a lot many pounds to lose must do it through hard work and surely not in 4 weeks.

You could lose thirty pounds in thirty days, but first, you should first know the dynamics of dieting. in order to attain healthy, lasting weight loss, you should first know the dynamics. Losing weight takes time, but successful and lasting weight loss involves a change in lifestyle without starving yourself, taking pills or eliminating carbohydrates.

Dr. Nancy Parker, a healthcare professional, says that we need to rethink the metabolic process as it converts food into energy. As we age, the process slows down year by year, and if we won't balance this change by adjusting our eating habits and doing regular exercise, we will slowly gain weight.

You have to tell yourself that you just can! You need to believe that the goal can be reached. You have to follow three basic rules, firstly, drink excess water. If you are taking less than 8 glasses a day, you have to increase this level. Water also acts as a natural appetite suppressant.

Dr. Peter Swan, of Michigan says, "Drinking water before meals won't add any more pounds to your weight. To the contrary, if you do not drink an adequate amount of water throughout the day, your body will become dehydrated. Afterward, when you finally do drink, it will retain the water and store it for future use, which explains why we sometimes feel bloated and weigh more. Drinking water is very important for hydration of the human body, and the body will not retain an excessive amount."

Eat more balanced meals consisting of fibers, carbohydrates and proteins. The main source of energy in our diet is carbohydrates, while proteins burn fats.

If you think that by skipping meals you are going to reduce, you are wrong! If the body does not get a constant supply of regular meals, it thinks it's starving. So, it starts storing anything after that as fat for later use.

Three basic steps toward this aim is drinking excess water. Water makes up about 80% of our bodies, we need to consume enough water throughout the day.

You must eat more balanced meals consisting of carbohydrates, fibers and proteins. The main source of energy in our diet is carbohydrates, while proteins burn fats.

Don’t to the most common mistake of skipping meals. The most common mistake done for losing weight is omission of meals. The metabolism needs the uniformity of regular meals; without this, the body thinks it's starving and everything the body takes in after that it stores as fat to be used later as an energy source.

Exercise a must in your lifestyle: daily workouts will burn the excess fat. Choosing the type of exercise can help you reach your goal and lose thirty pounds in thirty days, and make your dream come true.

Mike Lombardy is a web publisher and fitness enthusiast. Don't forget to get a 50 % discount code on his the idiot proof diet review website. With the idiot proof diet you can lose 9 lbs in 11 days. Get started today!

By Mike Lombardy

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Debates on Acne - 5 Acne Myths Vs. Acne Facts

2010-12-22T08:27:00.000-08:00

Myth 1: Acne Is Caused By Poor Hygiene

Fact: Acne is not due to lack of hygiene, it is not caused by dirt or surface skin oils. Although proper cleansing prevents it, poor hygiene is not its root cause. It is a disorder of the pilosebaceous unit or hair follicle. When dead skin cell, excess oil, and bacteria are caught within the follicle it creates impaction. If the follicle wall ruptures, then inflammation occurs and pimple is produced. Acne is not developed due to lack of cleansing and frequent cleansing won’t heal acne. In fact, vigorous washing and scrubbing can irritate skin and exacerbate acne.

Myth 2: Acne Is Caused By Diet

Fact: Thorough scientific studies dating as far back as 1960’s have not obtained a link between diet and acne. Thus, food does not cause acne. Not chocolate or French fries or pizza or any junk food. Even large amounts of these food types will not worsen acne since the fat present in these foods do not get assimilated to the fats within the oil glands. If acne is being dealt properly with medications there is no need to worry about food causing acne.

Myth 3: Savvy Sun Worshipping Eliminates Acne

Fact: Although it’s true that small amount of sun may improve acne condition at the beginning, don’t be deceived, this is temporary. Consistent sun exposure will damage your skin, it causes your skin to dry, making your oil producing glands to create more oil. Too much sun could furthermore burn your skin and even put you at risk for skin cancer. So if you need to be out in the sun, never forget to apply sunscreen.

Myth 4: Stress Causes Acne

Fact: Sometimes. A long debate about stress causing acne has been in health circles. Recent studies has now proved that acne gets worst in times of stress because of the fact that the human body releases a chemical called CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) responsible for making extreme amounts of energy for the brain to deal with stress. An emotional agitation can cause the body to produce unreasonable amount of these chemicals. As this hormone produces energy it also triggers the oil glands of the skin to create more oil thus leading to skin pores getting blocked. This combined with bacteria and dead skin cells results to acne.

Myth 5: You Just Have To Let Acne Run Its Course; You’ll One Day Outgrow It

Fact: Acne strikes all ages whether teen or adult and it can be cleared up. If it would be left alone it could possibly worsen. With a wide array of products and therapies available today and with the availability of a dermatologist there is no reason why someone has to bear acne and its scars.

Now that you know the truth from the myth about acne, you can make the right decisions and break free from those breakouts.

Darren is an online medical researcher and webmaster of Acne and Acne Treatment. Visit site for related article "Homemade Acne Treatment – 5 Tips from Experts". Also, don’t forget to download your 70-page Acne eBook for free.

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Miracle Weight Loss Supplements – Your Partner In Weight Loss?

2010-12-22T04:02:00.000-08:00

Always choose the best weight loss supplements by reviewing them thoroughly and opt for renowned makers. Weight loss supplements act in many ways to help reduce weight. Some of these weight loss supplements try to speed up your metabolism. Some stimulate the thyroid gland increasing the active hormone production. Some claim to stimulate the muscles in burning glucose saying that it helps in weight loss. There are some weight loss supplements that have effect on producing heat, which is again a process of spending calories. Some chromium based weight loss supplements can be very dangerous as they may damage the genetic materials in the cells.

One of the problems is that some of these weight loss supplements are untested, unproven and are neither effective nor safe. So before you choose your weight loss supplements make sure you have made the right choice.

One another type of weight loss supplement is available in the market, claims to melt away fat while you sleep. The ingredients in this supplement are supposed to be collagen hydrolysate and Vera. While collagen is like protein in normal food and helps in muscle building Vera is a laxative. This instruction along with this weight loss supplement is that the persons using this supplement should not eat anything for three hours before going to bed. The laxative effect of Vera adds to weight loss. It is actually the decrease in consumption rather than the supplement that helps one to lose weight. Weight loss supplements also include sweeteners with low calorie value. The main advantage with these sweeteners is that they are approved by FDA for their safety. These sweeteners can be very safely used even by pregnant women and children.

Further there are thermogenic fat burners. These weight loss supplements raise the temperature of your body and thus increase the number of calories burned. These have proved successful and effective in losing weight. Like other weight loss supplements, these have to be used moderately and not abused. Short term usage of these thermogenic weight loss supplements have proved successful and resulted in good weight loss.

One other form of weight loss supplements is the fiber powder or the pills. Generally fiber food makes you feel full and also help in stimulating the contractions of your intestines. So these kinds of weight loss supplements create a feeling of fullness and there will be weight loss because of the emptying of your intestines. The problem is taking fiber in concentrated forms like pills and powder for a longer period may lead to diarrhea, nausea and you may also become dependent on fiber supplements for bowel regulation. Ensure that you consider and take the correct amount of weight loss supplements after proper consultation. Further, weight loss supplements along with other things like exercise, nutritional diet etc, will help in safe and effective weight loss.

For more information on the top weight loss supplements on the market at the best prices please visit: http://www.4starhealth.com/wlkp-weight_loss_supplements.php For the best weight loss supplements click here

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Miracle Weight Loss Supplements – Your Partner In Weight Loss?

2010-12-21T23:52:00.000-08:00

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Acne Cleanser, Acne Lotion And More – A Quick Look At Common Acne Products

2010-12-21T19:48:00.000-08:00

Acne is a common skin disease affecting almost everyone. Acne is caused due to the blockage of skin follicle duct of sebum glands. This blockage traps sebum and causes inflammation of the skin. A bacterium P.Acnes readily infects this inflammation causing acne. There are many common acne products available in the market for acne treatment.

Acne cleansers are facial care products designed to remove dead cells, open up pores, remove oil, dust, dirt and other harmful pollutants. Generally acne cleansers are used twice or thrice daily and in conjunction with skin toners and moisturizers. Acne cleansers work better than ordinary soap because soap has a very high pH value which can change the pH balance of the skin. The method to use acne cleansers is to use luke warm water to clean the face then apply acne cleanser all over the face and throat. Next it is to be washed with luke warm water and then patted dry.

Acne lotions are oil and water emulsions designed to be applied on unbroken skin. Acne lotions are usually medicated with acne medicines like, antibacterials, skin exfoliants, retinoids or antibiotics. Acne lotions may contain soothing or protective ingredients also. Acne lotions have the advantage over creams or ointments as they can be applied thinly over a large area and hence can be economical.

Acne creams are semi solid emulsions. Creams can be used as a barrier for protection, as a delivery vehicle for anti acne agents and to retain moisture in the skin. Acne cream ingredients may include anti acne agents, moisturizers, skin exfoliants etc

Acne soaps are mild soaps used to open up the pores and remove oil in excessively oily skins.

All the above products if used in conjunction with acne dietary supplements like acuzine produce good results. Acuzine consists anti-oxidants, vitamins E & C, hydrolyzed collagen, ALA, DMAE, Aloe vera, Bioperine etc. The presence of these ingredients helps in early recovery of the skin and provides vital vitamins and enzymes for rebuilding the skin. Acuzine is available in the form of capsules.

We have made a research to find the best acne treatments. Find the results only on the Acne treatments guide . More valuable acne info on http://www.acne-pimpels-treatments.com

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Treatment For Lupus

2009-08-21T18:36:00.001-07:00

If you are one of the lupus patients, then you know that after you have been diagnosed with lupus, you will be assessed to see if there is major damage in your organs. You will be given a treatment for lupus according to the extent of this condition & the activity of the lupus. After the doctor has carefully examined your lupus case, you can be given medication that you can take from the pharmacies without any prescription of your treatment for lupus can be more severe. Depending on the lupus case that you have, therapy, changes in your diet & even in your lifestyle might be necessary if you have lupus. there's many medication that are available to treat lupus & are also approved by researchers that have studied the lupus case. Drugs that have no steroids in them & relieve the aching of your joints are lovely if you suffer from lupus. Another medication that's given to lupus patients are antimalarial medication. These drugs are lovely in lupus cases because they can help you with your skin rashes
or if you have arthritis, another sign of lupus. Immunosuppressive agents are also drugs that doctors give in lupus cases.

Lupus is a medical condition for which there is no cure. Many people have tried to find a cure for lupus, but unfortunately they've not succeeded. However, there's treatments available for lupus. If you are diagnosed early in the lupus state & are given a proper treatment for lupus, there's big chances that you will be able to manage the lupus symptoms well & even lower your risk of damaging some organs because of lupus.

there's also some tricks to use if you suffer from lupus:
- if you have a lupus flare, be careful to get as much rest as you can;
- if your lupus is in remission, then try to exercise much to make your joints more flexible;
- if the rash that you have if suffering from lupus persists, go to your doctor & talk with him/ her about using a cortisone cream that can relieve the rash, a lupus symptom;

Even if there is not available cure for lupus yet, researchers say that there is hope. Over the last couple of years, the method to diagnose lupus & to treat lupus has changed much. Scientists & doctors are also working to find a cure for lupus.

So if you need to find more about systemic lupus or more details about symptoms of lupus plz follow this link http://www.lupus-guide.com

Chicken Pox

2009-07-15T08:48:00.000-07:00

When someone has already suffered from chickenpox, the patient will have immunity to chickenpox for the entire of life. But, reactivation of latent Varicella-zoster virus in adulthood results in herpes zoster. The virus may infect the dorsal root ganglia during chickenpox, where it remains latent until reactivated. Herpes zoster patients can transmit the virus to other persons as chickenpox.

Medication is not necessary for few skin lesions. Antiviral (acyclovir) therapy may be of benefit to children <12><24 style=""> for 5-7 days is recommended. Cream containing antivirus may be given topically on skin lesions.

Varicella vaccine is recommended for administration to all immunocompetent children and adults at risk of infection. It is only given once in a lifetime, at anytime. But, Indonesia Pediatrician Association suggests giving this immunization at age 12. A few children who have already gotten the vaccine may suffer from chickenpox, but the illness usually benign and the healing of the disease is faster.

Acne Treatment Tips

2009-04-19T09:21:00.000-07:00

Acne is the collective term used to explain whiteheads, blackheads & pimples. Teenagers might refer to acne as zits.

But whatever you might call it, acne is a condition that adolescents & adults would not deal because it can be very burdensome, regardless if the case is mild or severe. A person suffering from acne may often feel self-conscious, embarrassed & helpless.

Over the years, as medicine continues to advance, more & more acne treatment methods have sprung up, promising to clear up pimples within weeks or days.

The most common acne treatment recommended by dermatologists is the use of antibiotics, typically tetracycline-type derivatives formulated to kill the acne-causing propioniform bacteria responsible for the inflammation & infection. Topical agents such as benzyl peroxide also work the same way.

five acne treatment method with a bad rap is Accutane (isotretinoin), a powerful drug used to inhibit the amount of oil being secreted in the skin follicles. Though it was proven to be effective in clearing up acne, Accutane is also a classified as a category X drug because it is guaranteed to cause birth defects. Other Accutane side effects include depression, psychosis, aggression & suicide.

there's now techie ways to treat acne, like the Zeno acne blemish tool. This hand-held gadget is used to heat up the skin to kill the propioniform bacteria & trigger the influx of heat-shock proteins that also help kill the bacteria & reduce inflammation in the pores.

Most acne treatment methods are fast fixes; they only treat the symptoms but not the cause. While a lot of products & methods do work to an extent, the acne usually reappears after a few weeks of stopping the treatment.

You'd be surprised to learn that preventing acne isn't that complicated. The first thing you require to realize is that contrary to what plenty of skin experts believe, the food that you eat has a lot to do with acne.

Because heredity & hormones are contributing factors, if you are predisposed to developing acne lesions & are eating food that is increasing your insulin levels & related insulin growth factors, you will have acne.

Foods that contain refined carbohydrates & sugar increase insulin & an insulin-like growth factor called IGF-1 in your body. This results in the secretion of sebum, a greasy substance that attracts the acne-causing propioniform bacteria.

Now that you've learned that diet has everything to do with acne, here are some natural acne treatment tips:

* Reduce the amount of grains & sugars you consume, including bread, cereal, pasta, rice, potatoes & corn – to radically lower your insulin production. Try the No-Grain Diet.

* Take a quality probiotic supplement – If you're using antibiotics to treat acne, they kill the propioniform bacteria but they also wipe out the lovely bacteria in your gut.

* Optimize your vitamin D levels – You produce over 200 antimicrobial peptides when you're getting vitamin D from regular sun exposure. If you can't get sun, you can use a safe tanning bed or supplement with oral vitamin D. The correct supplement to take is vitamin D3. you have to monitor your vitamin D levels with a blood check at regular intervals if you decide to take supplements.

* Use only organic skin care products for your face.

* Minimize your stress levels.

* Wash your hands regularly & avoid unnecessarily touching your face. Don't scratch, squeeze, pick or rub your skin because it will only make the problem worse & cause scarring.

* Regularly shampoo your hair & if possible, keep it off your face, at night.

Tuberculosis in Adulthood

2008-09-07T09:28:00.000-07:00

Tuberculosis can affect all age groups from all socio-economic level, including pregnant women. The disease still become health problems in developing countries but tuberculosis has reemerged as an important public health problems in developed countries ever since the increment of HIV infection or AIDS worldwide. In Indonesia, around 627,000 new cases were reported annually and it is estimated that nearly 143,000 deaths from tuberculosis occurred every year.

Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmissions usually take place through the airborne spread of droplet nuclei produced by patients with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis, which are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. The disease usually affects lung, but in up to one-third of cases other organs are involved to include pleural, meningeal, brain, intestine, kidney, joint, bone, lymph-node, skin, and many other organs.

The risk of developing disease after being infected depends on individual’s innate susceptibility to disease and level of function of cell-mediated immunity. Most adult with tuberculosis are infected during childhood. The infection had spontaneous remission, but dormant bacteria may persist for years before being reactivated to produce post primary tuberculosis during adulthood if they are in an immunocompromised state.

Early in the course of disease, symptoms and signs are often nonspecific and insidious, consisting mainly of low-grade fever and night sweats, weight loss, anorexia, general malaise, and weakness. Cough eventually develops in pulmonary tuberculosis, and may be with blood streaking sputum. The clinical manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis depend on the organs that being involved.

If properly treated, tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible strains is curable in virtually all cases. Multiple drug regiments are given for 6 months or longer. Five major drugs are considered the first-line agents for the treatment of tuberculosis: isoniazid (INH), rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Short-course regimens are divided into an initial or bactericidal phase (during which the majority of the bacteria are killed, symptoms resolve, and the patient becomes noninfectious) and a continuation or sterilizing phase (to eliminate semidormant persisters). The treatment regimen of choice consists of a 2-month initial phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide (in particular cases this regimen is added with ethambutol either with or without streptomycin) followed by a 4-month continuation phase of isoniazid and rifampicin.

In the next 3-4 months of treatment, usually the symptoms are improved and adherence to treatment regiment can be compromised because the patients think that they have already recovered from tuberculosis. This non-compliance attitude should be strongly avoided whenever possible, since infected patients who do not adhere to the prescribed regimen are especially likely to develop acquired drug resistance. The treatment ought to be start all over again with more drug combination and more difficult to be cured due to the development of multi drug resistance bacteria strains.

Colostrum and Breastmilk

2008-08-11T07:02:00.000-07:00

Breastmilk is produced naturally by women. It provides the basic nutrition for baby during several months of life. Breast milk has three different and distinct stages:colostrums, transitional milk, and mature milk. Colostrum is produced during pregnancy and continue through the early days of breastfeeding. This milk is yellow to orange in color and thick and sticky. It is low in fat, and high in carbohydrate, protein, and immunoglobulins to help keep the baby healthy. Immunoglobulins are antibodies that pass from the mother to the baby and provides passive immunity for the baby. Passive immunity protects the baby from a wide variety of bacterial and viral illnesses. Two to four days after birth, colostrums will be replaced by transitional milk.

Colostrum is extremely easy to digest, and is therefore the perfect first food for the baby. It is low in volume (measurable in teaspoons rather than ounces), but high in concentrated nutrition for the newborn. Colostrum also has a laxative effect on the baby, helping him pass his early stools, which aids in the excretion of excess biirubin and helps prevent jaundice.

It is recommended for mother to give colostrums to her baby. At this moment there is highly recommended technique called the Early Breastfeeding Initiation (EBI). Early Breastfeeding Initiation is a technique that let babies to crawl on mothers’ chests to breastfeed right after being born. By giving breast milk within one hour after birth, babies can get important nutrition and antibodies from the colostrums. EBI can also improve baby thinking reflex and accommodate the giving of exclusive breastfeeding afterwards.

EBI can be achieved by doing these several easy steps:
During parturition, mother is accompanied by husband or other family members
Reduce or avoid the use of chemical substance during birth
Toweled the baby as soon as possible, excluded it hands, without rubbing down the vernix (white fat that layered baby skin)
Naked baby was put on mother’s stomach skin, both then blanketed and baby can use a hat.
Encourage mother to touch her baby and direct it towards nipples
Let the baby find the nipples by itself
Let the baby to stay on mother’s chest for at least one hour although the breastfeeding process has finished.
Postpone weighing and other measurements, vitamin K injection and giving eye drops until EBI is finished
Even if mother giving birth by operation don’t forget to give an opportunity of skin contact between baby and mother.
Don’t give any other food or drink other than breast milk unless there are other indications and put mother and baby together in one room
If EBI doesn’t occur yet in parturition ward, continue EBI in mother’s ward with baby still attached to mother’s chest.

Colostrum provides not only perfect nutrition tailored to the needs of the baby, but also large amounts of living cells which will defend your baby baby against many hermul agents. The concentration of immune factors is much higher in colostrums than in mature milk. Colostrum actually works as a natural and 100% safe vaccine. Colostrum also contains high concentrations of leukocytes, protective white cells which can destroy disease-causing bacteria and viruses.

Paternal Leukocyte Immunization

2008-07-23T06:19:00.000-07:00

In a woman`s body (that has not been pregnant yet), either sperm or fetus will become an antigen in a womb. It can be rejected by the body. As a consequence, a pregnant mother needs to protect the fetus by producing a blocking antibody to detain the reaction.
In a normal condition, a pregnant mother produce blocking antibody to protect the fetus especially on the first quarter (12 weeks). Nevertheless, on a certain situation, blocking antibody production is very low and can result in repetitive abortion, defective fetus, development problems, or even no fetus development which are called blighted ovum.
Blocking antibody production can be triggered by giving white blood cells (leukocyte) from a husband to his wife through immunization. This action is called PLI (Paternal Leukocyte Immunization). This is one option of immunotherapy which is given to a couple expecting a child (infertile).
A woman that has high titers of blocking antibody anti sperm antibody (ASA) develops rejection reaction in her body to her husband?s sperm since the sperm is considered foreign object.
In this case, PLI can protect the body from the anti sperm antibody.

Benefit:

PLI reduce anti sperm antibody (ASA) specifically and selectively since it does not reduce body?s immune system relatively, but it only lower the anti perm antibody (ASA) to the husband?s sperm.

Who needs PLI?

Infertile couples, either primary (do not have a child at all), or secondary (have not had a child)
Couples with a history of repetitive abortion (twice or more)
Couples with a history of undeveloped or blighted ovum

When is it given?

Before conception
After conception until 12 weeks of pregnancy

Preparation:

Husband and wife already undergo immuno-andrology test
The husband has undergo pre-PLI
Husband with a healthy condition

Paternal Leukocyte Immunization (PLI) Scheme

Patient?s blood cells (husband) --> White blood cells (leukocyte) --> White blood cells (leukocyte) ready to be immunized to the wife

To have children and become a happy family is the dream of every couple but not all couples have the opportunity to have children because of reproduction problem to either wife or husband.

Tips for Mealtime at home

2008-07-18T08:02:00.000-07:00

Parents traditionally acted as gatekeepers, determining what foods and activities were available in their children’s live. They usually wanted to promote nutritious choices and healhful habit, they provided access to nutrient-dense, delicious foods and opportunities for active play at home. Nowadays, children have greater influence over family decision concerning food, so parental guidance in food choices is very necessary.

Most parents have problem with their children’s eating habit. Problems over food often arise during the second or third year, when children begin asserting their independence. Many children reject to eat in mealtime and some children only consume small amount of food. Facing those problems, parents should have strategies to increase their children’s appetite. Here are some tips that parents can follow in order to handle their children’s eating problem and to increase their children’s appetite:

1. Make mealtimes fun for children. Young children like to eat at
little tables and to be served small portions of food.
2. Young children also like to eat with other children, and they tend
to eat more when in the company of their friends. Children are
also more likely to give up their prejudices against foods when
they see their peers eating them.
3. Foods should be warm, not hot, because a child’s mouth is more
sensitive than an adult’s. The flavor should be mild and children
prefer foods that are familiar, so offer various foods regularly.
4. Allowing children to help plan and prepare the family’s meal
provides enjoyable learning experiences and encourages children
to eat the foods they have prepared.
5. When introducing new foods, offer them one at a time and only
in small amounts such as one bite at first. Offer new food at the
beginning of the meal, when child is hungry, and allow the child
to make decision to accept or reject it. Never make an issue of
food acceptance.
6. Make sure the child sits when eating to avoid from choking.
Choking is more likely to present when child is running or falling.
Parents must be alert to the dangers of choking, so parents
should be present whenever the children is eating.
7. Make schedule for outdoor activity or play before meal time.
8. Pay attention to your children’s snack. Parents may find that
when their children snack, they aren’t hungry at mealtimes.
Instead of teaching children not to snack, parents are wise to
teach them how to snack. Provide snacks that are as nutritious
as the foods sered at mealtimes. Parents should not give snack
before mealtime.
9. Parents should limit access to candy, soft drinks, and other
concentrated sweets in order to prevent child from nutrient
deficiency, obesity or both.

The Early Development of Chronic Disease and Child

2008-07-18T08:01:00.000-07:00

When people think about the health problems of children and adolescents, they typically think of ear infections, colds, and acne-not heart disease, diabetes or hypertension. Today, however, in many developed countries, children are being diagnosed with obesity and the serious adult disease such as type 2 diabetes that accompany overweight. Childhood obesity is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension in children.

Early development of type 2 diabetes

Obesity is the most risk factor for type 2 diabetes-most of the children diagnosed with it are obese. Most are diagnosed during puberty, but as children become more obese and less active, the trend is shifting to younger children. Type 2 diabetes is most likely to occur in those who are obese and sedentary and have a family history of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the cells become insulin-resistant-that is, the cells become less sensitive to insulin, reducing the amount of glucose entering the cells from the blood. The combination of obesity and insulin resistance produces a cluster symptoms, including high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure, which, in turn, promotes the development of atherosclerosis and the early development of CVD. Other common evident by early adulthood include kidney disease, blindness, and miscarriages.

Prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes depend on weight management, which can be particularly difficult in a youngster’s world of food advertising, video games, and pocket money for candy bars. The activity and dietary suggestions to help defend against heart disease later in this highlight apply to type 2 diabetes as well.

Early development of Heart Disease

Blood Pressure

Pediatrician routinely monitor blood pressure in children and adolescents. High blood pressure may signal an underlying disease or the early onset of hypertension. Hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Like atherosclerosis and high blood cholesterol, hypertension may develop in the first decade of life, especially among obese children, and worsen with time. Children can control their hypertension by participating in regular aerobic activity and by losing weight or maintaining their weight as they grow taller. Evidence is needed to clarify whether restricting sodium in children’s and adolescent’s diets lower blood pressure.

Blood Cholesterol

In general, blood cholesterol tends to rise as dietary saturated fat intakes increase. Blood cholesterol also correlates with childhood obesity, especially abdominal obesity. LDL cholesterol rises with obesity, and HDL declines. These relationships are apparent throughout childhood, and their magnitude increases with age. Children who are both overweight and have high blood cholesterol are likely to have parents who develop heart disease early.

Refferences : Whitney E, Rolfes SR. Understanding Nutrition. USA, 2008.

Immunization for Babies and Children I

2008-07-17T09:42:00.000-07:00

An Overview about Benefits and Side Effects

For the parents who already have a baby, immunization was widely recognized; but not all the parents well informed about what is immunization and what are the benefits from it. When the parents meet their pediatrician or when they are talking each other, so many questions were asked. Is the immunization will fully protects my children from specific disease? Is the immunization has to be done in the recommended schedule? What would they do if they missed the schedule? What are the side effects of immunization? What about articles in the newspaper that reported some severe side effects of immunization, including death, after a child immunized?

Of course there are a lot of more questions that need satisfied answers. Instead of discussing the immunization in details, this article will try to give a basic understanding about how immunization is needed and how we response to various information about the side-effects of immunization.

Immunization will reduce the risk of a disease

Every person, both children and adults, are always on a risk for developing specific disease in their lifetime. The level of risk was vary between one person to another, and for infectious diseases this risk influenced by microorganisms as a cause of infections (bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites), human body as a host (immunity, nutrition), and environmental factors. Here we see that there are many factors play role for developing an infectious disease and the immunization is one of these that reduce the risk by modifying the immune system. Other measurements that also reduce the risk of infection should do in parallel with immunization, such as nutritional supports and self and environmental hygiene.

The benefits of immunization are for individual and public health

Except for individual protection reason, the immunization program usually has been associated with wider public health. This reason was based on facts that protection for a specific infectious disease only will reached if not less than 80% of risky population have been immunized. It makes the government as well as professional physician college always campaign for the immunization program in order to reach as much as people at risk to received the immunization.

If the protection for wide population cannot be reached because of who were immunized less then targeted, the disease is still there and even who are immunized still at risk for having the disease. So, by taking your children to received immunization, you are not only giving your children protection from a specific disease but you are also contributing for wider public health matter.

Is it true that immunization is not a safe procedure and can give a fatal reaction?

As a medical procedure that giving something to the body, by injection or oral, it cannot be denied that immunization (both by the vaccines and the procedure itself) have possibility for having side effects or adverse reactions. But evidence from millions immunization procedures that performed wide world, shows that the reported side effects or adverse reactions were very unusual and insignificant. Most reported side effects are local pain and sore at the site of injection (is it an understandable thing?) that will resolves in a few days. Sometimes low grade fever will appeared that easily relieve by simple antipyretic drug.

In a very rare case, it has been reported a serious reaction like severe allergic reaction, high fever, and some news reported that a child was have paralysis and other death after they were immunized. This kind of news usually will be blown up, and it makes some parents so worried about immunization procedure, and in some cases will make the physician doubt to give a child the immunization that reported. In this situation, it is wise for us to be rationale and consider these points below:

1. In facts, the reported severe side effects or adverse reactions due to immunization procedure were quantitatively low. Scientifically, it is hard to conclude that there was cause-effect relationship between these reactions and immunization.
2. Considering that immunization has so many benefits for individual and public health reasons, as we discussed before, these low amounts of side effects or adverse reactions were not comparable.
3. There are so many information that you can get in the internet about immunization. They will give you satisfied answers that you need, based on current knowledge from the experts around the world.
4. Consult and discuss your problems about immunization with the pediatrician, and you have rights to get the second opinion from other physician. The decision to give or not to give immunization to your child should be based on complete information you’ve got.

Having a healthy child that free from various diseases is every parent’s dream. So many things that we can do that should be based on good knowledge and rationale thinking, including giving them good nutrition, caring for self and environmental hygiene, as well as getting immunization for the children. Immunization was a proven procedure in order to enhance immune systems against many diseases and also have public health benefits. Scientific evidences show that side-effects and adverse reactions due to immunization are rare, usually mild, and harmless.

Feeding Skill Development and Recommended Food

2008-07-17T09:40:00.001-07:00

An infan can begin eating solid foods between four and six months. The aim of introducing solid food is to provide needed nutrients that are no longer supplied adequately by breast milk or infant formula alone. The exact timing of giving solid food depends on the individual infant’s needs and developmental readiness.

1. Age 0-3 months

Feeding skill :

a. Turns head toward any object that brushes cheek.

b. Initially swallow using back of tongue; gradually begins to swallow using front of tongue as well.

c. Strong reflex (extrusion) to push food out during first 2 to 3 months

Appropriate foods added to the diet :

Feed breast milk or infant formula

2. Age 4-6 months

Feeding skill :

a. Extrusion reflex diminishes, and the ability to swallow non-liquid foods develops.

b. Indicate desire for food by opening mouth and learning forward.

c. Indicates satiety or disinterest by turning away and learning back.

d. Sits erect with support at 6 months.

e. Begins chewing action.

f. Brings hand to mouth.

g. Graps objects with palm of hand.

Appropriate foods added to the diet :

a. Begin iron-fortified cereal mixed with breast-milk, formula, or water.

b. Begin pureed vegetables and fruits.

3. Age 6-8 months

Feeding skill :

a. Able to self-feed finger foods

b. Develops pincer (finger to thumbs) grasp

c. Begins to drink from cup

Appropriate foods added to the diet :

a. Begin textured vegetables and fruits.

b. Begins unsweetened, diluted fruit juices from cup

4. Age 8-10 months

Feeding skill :

a. Begins to hold own bottle

b. Reaches for and grabs food and spoon

c. Sits unsupported

Appropriate foods added to the diet :

a. Begin breads and cereals from table

b. Begin yoghurt

c. Begin pieces of soft, cooked vegetables and fruit from table

d. Gradually begin finely cut meats, fish, casseroles, cheese, eggs, and mashed legumes

5. Age 10-12 months

Feeding skill :

Begins to master spoon, but still spills some

Appropriate foods added to the diet :

a. Add variety

b. Gradually increase portion sizes

Calcium for Children

2008-07-17T09:38:00.001-07:00

Calcium is an important nutrient, especially for children. It is the main mineral that strengthens bones and teeth. Calcium deficiency in children can result rickets. Later in life, it can result osteoporosis which then can lead to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures. During childhood and adolescence, the body uses the mineral calcium to build strong bones. Bone calcium begins to decrease in young adulthood and progressive loss of bone occurs as we age, especially in women.

Children ages 1-3 need 500 mgs calcium per day, children ages 4-8 need 800 mgs per day, and children ages 9-18 need 1300 mgs calcium per day to build their growing bones.

Calcium also play important role in muscle contraction, transmitting messages through nerves, and the release of hormones. Calcium work together with vitamin D and phosphorus in the body to reach calcium level which is needed by your body. If calcium levels in the body are low, calcium will be took from bones.

Milk and dairy products are main sources of calcium. They also contain vitamin D which is also important for bone. Calcium can also be found in sardines, nuts (such as almonds), and leafy green vegetables (broccoli, spinach). Breast milk and infant formulas are the main source of calcium for children under one year of age.

Calcium for Children

2008-07-17T09:38:00.000-07:00

Tuberculosis in Adulthood

2008-07-15T08:05:00.000-07:00

Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and transmissions usually take place through the airborne spread of droplet nuclei produced by patients with infectious pulmonary tuberculosis, which are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing, or speaking. The disease usually affects lung, but in up to one-third of cases other organs are involved to include pleural, meningeal, brain, intestine, kidney, joint, bone, lymph-node, skin, and many other organs.

The risk of developing disease after being infected depends on individual’s innate susceptibility to disease and level of function of cell-mediated immunity. Most adult with tuberculosis are infected during childhood. The infection had spontaneous remission, but dormant bacteria may persist for years before being reactivated to produce post primary tuberculosis during adulthood if they are in an immunocompromised state.

Early in the course of disease, symptoms and signs are often nonspecific and insidious, consisting mainly of low-grade fever and night sweats, weight loss, anorexia, general malaise, and weakness. Cough eventually develops in pulmonary tuberculosis, and may be with blood streaking sputum. The clinical manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis depend on the organs that being involved.

If properly treated, tuberculosis caused by drug-susceptible strains is curable in virtually all cases. Multiple drug regiments are given for 6 months or longer. Five major drugs are considered the first-line agents for the treatment of tuberculosis: isoniazid (INH), rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Short-course regimens are divided into an initial or bactericidal phase (during which the majority of the bacteria are killed, symptoms resolve, and the patient becomes noninfectious) and a continuation or sterilizing phase (to eliminate semidormant persisters). The treatment regimen of choice consists of a 2-month initial phase of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide (in particular cases this regimen is added with ethambutol either with or without streptomycin) followed by a 4-month continuation phase of isoniazid and rifampicin.

In the next 3-4 months of treatment, usually the symptoms are improved and adherence to treatment regiment can be compromised because the patients think that they have already recovered from tuberculosis. This non-compliance attitude should be strongly avoided whenever possible, since infected patients who do not adhere to the prescribed regimen are especially likely to develop acquired drug resistance. The treatment ought to be start all over again with more drug combination and more difficult to be cured due to the development of multi drug resistance bacteria strains.

Family Planning

2008-07-14T03:49:00.000-07:00

There are several methods of contraception that used in family planning. This section will review about hormonal contraceptive.

Hormonal contraceptive provides women with a reliable method of regulating their fertility. Hormonal contraceptive are available as oral preparations, subcutaneous implantation, and intramuscular injection.

Oral preparations include a combined oral contraceptive which contains combination of hormones (estrogen and progestogen), contraceptive which only contains one hormone (progestogen), and postcoital contraception which consists of high-dose estrogen alone or combined with a progestogen.

Combined oral contraceptive agents are effective and safe method of contraception. It inhibits ovulation and induces changes in cervical mucus and the endometrium that make sperm transport and implantation of the embryo, respectively, unlikely. The drug is taken daily for 21 days, followed by 7 days without treatment.

Oral contraceptive containing only progestogen also inhibits ovulation and makes cervical mucus hostile to the transport of sperm, but less effective than combined oral contraceptives in preventing pregnancy. This estrogen-free method of contraception is taken daily and its use is often restricted to women whose fertility is already reduced, such as older or lactating women in whom a combination oral contraceptive is contraindicated.

Contraceptive containing only progestogens also can be given intramuscularly or implanted subcutaneous. The implant consists of non-biodegradable silicone-rubber capsules and is designed to be replaced at certain period of time.

Post coital contraception reduces the risk of pregnancy after unprotected intercourse but must be taken within 72 hours after intercourse.

The risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives in premenopausal women probably results from thrombogenesis. The risk of which is related to many variables, not only serum lipoprotein concentration but also changes in procoagulants and platelet aggregation. These changes are probably important only in women who smoke, since smoking also increases the risk of thrombogenesis. The combined oral contraception is safe in women who do not have preexisting disease of the circulatory system. It is preferable that the women do not smoke.

Combined oral contraceptives cause hypertension in about 4-5% of normotensive women and increase blood pressure in 9-16% of women with preexisting hypertension. The risk is related to race, family history, obesity, diet, smoking, and the duration of the use of the drug. The effect is almost always reversible. Monitoring blood pressure during the first three months of use can help to identify affected women.

Contraception with progestogen alone have fewer systemic side effects but associated with disturbances in menstruation, particularly irregular bleeding.

Overall, the current methods of hormonal contraception have been in clinical use for decades and have proved to be highly reliable and acceptable to millions of women. The health benefits of these methods outweigh their side effects and risks.

Antioxidant, Aging Process, and Green Tea

2008-07-12T21:34:00.001-07:00

Aging is a progressive decline of the efficiency of physiological processes after the reproductive phase of life. There are many various theories proposed to explain aging. The free-radicals theory of aging is one of theories which propose that normal aging results from random deleterious damage to tissues by free radicals which are always produced during normal metabolism in the human body, while endogenous antioxidant defenses are not sufficient to counteract them completely. Diet-derived antioxidants may therefore be particularly important in protecting against chronic diseases.
Tea (black and green tea) is an important source of flavonoids in the diet and the flavonoids found in tea are known to be strong antioxidants. It is assumed that the high levels of flavonoids found in green and black tea can protect cells and tissues from oxidative damage by scavenging oxygen free radicals The major flavonoids present in green tea include catechins such as epicatechin(EC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). The relative catechin content of tea is dependent upon how the leaves are processed prior to drying as well as geographical location and growing conditions.
The flavonoid concentration of any particular tea beverage depends upon the type of tea (blended, instant) and preparation (amount used, brew time, temperature). The highest concentration of flavonoids are found in brewed hot tea, less in instant preparations, and lower in ready-to-drink tea.
There are controversial outcomes from different studies regarding the health effects of tea which may be due to lack of data of tea preparation from epidemiological studies. Investigations on standardized tea or tea extracts and controlling tea preparation are needed to clarify the assumption of beneficial effects of tea.
The scientific support is strongest for the protection of DNA from oxidative damage after black and green tea consumption. However, the quality of the studies now available is insufficient to draw a strong conclusion Further evidence from human intervention studies is required.

Vitamin D in Elderly

2008-07-12T21:30:00.000-07:00

The vitamin D is important for proper development, and maintenance of calcium ion and skeletal integrity. The vitamin D acts through a nuclear receptor to carry out its many functions, including calcium absorption, phosphate absorption in the intestine, calcium mobilization in bone, and calcium reabsorption in the kidney, in order to maintain calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization in the body.

Vitamin D deficiency will lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism, increased bone turnover, and bone loss. Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated as a cause of hip fracture. Vitamin D deficiency is also related to lower muscle strength, increased body sway, and falls in the elderly.

Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly people, and the incidence may vary in European, American, and Asian (Singapore, Japan, and Hongkong) countries, from 5-25% in independent elderly to 60-80% in institutionalized elderly.[51,87-94] . Dr. Siti Setiati found the prevalence of vitamin d deficiency in Indonesian elderly woman is 35.1%.

Several factors contribute to vitamin D deficiency in the elderly women, such as decreased organ systems involved in vitamin D synthesis ( skin, liver, kidney), life style to avoid sun exposure, as well as lower vitamin D intake.

Vitamin D deficiency in the elderly population can be treated by supplementing vitamin D (oral or injection) or increasing internal vitamin D synthesis with UV irradiation using artificial UVB or by sun exposure. Dr. Siti Setiati in her research found that sun exposure for 15-25 minutes at 9.00 a.m. for 3 times a week can increase vitamin D concentration in elderly women. She recommended for elderly to increase their activity out door in order to get enough sun exposure.

The Early Development of Chronic Disease and Child

2008-07-03T06:04:00.000-07:00

Early development of type 2 diabetes

Early development of Heart Disease

Blood Pressure

Blood Cholesterol

Fit and Fresh During Menopause

2008-06-27T07:08:00.000-07:00

Definition

The word menopause means the permanent natural cessation of menstrual cycles, from Greek roots �meno� (month) and �pausis� (a pause, a cessation). In other words, menopause means the natural and permanent stopping of the monthly female reproductive cycles, which is usually manifest as a permanent absence of monthly periods of menstruation.

After a number of years of erratic functioning, the ovaries almost completely stop producing hormone estrogens, progestin, and testosterone, and the reproductive system ceases to function.

The average age of menopause is 51 years, and the normal age range for last period is somewhere between age 45 to 55. Age 55 to 60 for last period ever is described as a late menopause. An early menopause is defined as last period ever between age of 40 to45.

Some women reach menopause at a much younger age than average, especially if they have had cancer or another serious illness, and have undergone chemotherapy. In 1% of women, last period ever occurring before the age of 40 (premature menopause). It is not viewed as being due to normal causes. Some known causes of spontaneous premature menopause include autoimmune disorders, thyroid disease, and diabetes mellitus, often it is due to unknown causes.

Signs and symptoms

Several signs and symptoms of menopause include irregular periods, vaginal dryness, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings, and lack of concentration. These symptoms are caused by an overall drop in the levels of estrogens, progestin, and testosterone.

The causes of menopause

Menopause begins naturally when your ovaries start making less estrogen and progesterone, , and the hormone that regulate menstruation. The process gets under way in your late 30s. By that time, fewer potential eggs are ripening in your ovaries each month, and ovulation is less predictable. These changes are more pronounced in your 40s, as are changes in your menstrual pattern. Your periods may become longer or shorter, heavier or lighter, and more or less frequent. Eventually, your ovaries shut down and you have no more periods.

Unfortunately, there�s no way to know exactly which period will be your last.

Risk factors

Menopause is usually a natural process. But certain surgical or medical treatments or medical conditions can bring on menopause earlier than expected. These include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Tips and trick to stay fit and fresh during menopause

1. Get regular exercise, and try to pinpoint what triggers your hot flashes. Avoid the triggers such as hot beverages, spicy foods, hot weather, and even a warm room.
2. Use water-based vaginal lubricants or moisturizers, and staying sexually active
3. Avoid caffeine and plan to exercise during the day; relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation can be very helpful.
4. Strengthen your pelvic floor with pelvic floor muscle exercises, called Kegel exercises, to prevent urinary incontinence.
5. Eat balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables nad whole grains, and that limits saturated fats, oils and sugars. Consume 1200 to 1500 mg of calcium and 800 IU vitamin D a day.
6. Smoking increases your risk of heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, cancer, and a range of other health problems. So, stop it.
7. Talk with your doctor about how often you should have mammograms, pap smear, and laboratory tests.

Sleep Disorders in Older People (Part III)

2008-06-27T06:56:00.000-07:00

Narcolepsy and cataplexy

It is a chronic neurologic disorder of unclear origin that results in excessive daytime somnolence and fatigue. The main symptoms are sleep attacks (an irresistible urge to sleep for a few minutes or up to an hour), hypnogogic hallucinations while falling asleep or when waking up, sleep paralysis (a temporary inability to move upon wakening or before falling asleep), and cataplexy (a sudden, temporary, often unpredictable loss of muscle tone, which leads frequently to complete collapse).

Cataplexy can occur in the absence of other features of narcolepsy and sometimes triggered by intense emotion, during which patient is awake but unable to move or experience focal muscle weakness.

Sleep-related movement disorders

Periodic leg movements occur specifically during sleep. The abnormal movements range from subtle contraction of the muscles of the ankles and toes to impressive flailing of the arms and legs. The syndrome can be asymptomatic and require no intervention.

People with restless legs syndrome complain of a crawling feeling under the skin, tingling, and unpleasant, crampy or even very painful sensations, usually in their limbs. This condition is characterized by an intense urge to move or massage the legs, which offer some relief. The syndrome appears to involve abnormalities in dopaminergic neural transmission or iron metabolism. It can be associated with iron deficiency, rheumatoid arthritis, renal failure, and a variety of neurologic lesions, especially peripheral neuropathy.

Unlike periodic leg movements, which awaken people from sleep, the symptoms of restless legs syndrome usually occur when patients get into bed, and thereby cause sleep-onset insomnia.

Sleep-related respiratory disorders

These disorders range from snoring to hypopnea and apnea during sleep.

With aging, the weakening and loss of tone of upper airway muscles during sleep predisposes to airway obstruction which leads to snoring.

In obstructive sleep apnea, the upper airway is obstructed repeatedly during sleep that reduces air flow (hypopnea) or stops the air flow (apnea). This condition leads to interrupted, poor-quality sleep, and nocturnal oxygen desaturation. Obstructive sleep apnea is related to daytime sleepiness, hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease and cognitive impairment.

Older patients who have had ischemic events involving the central nervous system may display frequent central sleep apnea with clinically significant nighttime oxygen desaturation. This disorder is characterized by a periodic cessation of respiratory drive in the absence of airway obstruction.

Nutrition During Lactation

2008-06-26T04:55:00.000-07:00

Lactation is an automatic physiologycal process that virtually all mothers are capable of doing. Breastfeeding, on the other hand, is a learned behavior that not all mothers decide to do. Actually, breast milk is the best recommended food for an infant during the first four to six months of life compare to infant formula only. So, breastfeeding is very recommend for mothers to do. Here are some benefits of breastfeeding :

- For infants :

- Provides the appropriate composition and balance nutrients with

high bioavaibility.

- Provides hormones that promote physiological development

- Improve cognitive development

- Protects against a variety of infection

- May protect against some chronic disease, such as diabetes type 1

and hypertension, later in life

- Protects against food allergies

- For mothers :

- Contracts the uterus

- Delay the return of regular ovulation, thus lengthening birth interval

- Conserves iron stores

- May protect against breast and ovarian cancer

- Others :

- Cost saving from not needing medical treatment for childhood

illness

- Cost saving from not needing topurchase formula

Successful breastfeeding requires adequate nutrition. Ideally, the mother who choose to breastfeed her infant will continue to eat nutrient-dense foods throughout lactation. An adequate diet is needed to suport the stamina, patience, and self-confidence that nursing an infant formula demands. The food that the mother consumes not just fulfills her nutritional requirements, but is also used in the production of milk.

Energy

A breasfeeding mother produces about 25 ounce a milk per day, with considerable variation from woman to woman and in the same woman from time to time, depending primarily on the infants demand for milk. To produce an adequate supply of milk, a woman needs extra energy- almost 500 kcalories a day above her regular need during the first to six months of lactation. Energy requirement during lacatation is extra 330 kcal/hari during first 6 month, and extra 400 kcal/day during second 6 month. This can be achieved by including whole grain cereals, pulses, milk and milk products in the daily diet. Mothers need additional carbohydrate to replace glucose used to make the lactose in breast milk. During lactation, fiber is also needed 1 gram higher. So, increase consume of vegetables and fruits is needed.

After the birth of the infant, women often exercise to loose weight and improve fitness, and this is compatible with breasfeeding and infant growth. Intense physical activity can raise the lactic acid concentration of breast milk, which may influence the milk’s taste. Some infants may prefer milk produced prior to exercise, which has a lower lactic acid content. In these case, mothers can either breastfeed before exercise or express their milk before exercise for use afterward.

Protein
Protein requirement is also increased during lactation due to milk production. The recommend protein additional daily intake are 25 gram for the first six months and 18 gram during the the six to twelve months of lactation. If the protein dan energy is lacking in the mothers diet there will be reduction in milk voume rather than in milk quality but if very low protein are taken then the proportion of casein may be reduced. The extra protein can be achieved by including protein rich foods like milk and milk products, egg, meat, fish, poultry, nuts, and cereal.

Calcium
Calcium is one of the important minerals required during lactation. An additional 1000 mg per day calcium is required during this period. 500 ml milk or milk products per day must be taken for the calcium requirement and the remaining from the other food stuff like ragi, soyabean, and fish. Actually, dietary calcium has no effect on the calcium concentration of breast milk, but maternal bones lose some of their density during lactation. Bone density increase again when lactation ends; breastfeeding has no long-term harmful effects on bones.

Iron

Most lactating women can obtain all the nutrients they need from a well-balanced diet without taking vitamin-mineral supplements. Nevertheles, some may need iron supplements, not to enhance the iron in their breast milk, but to refill their depleted iron stores. Maternal iron stores dwindle during pregnancy when the fetus takes iron to meet its own needs during the first four to six months after birth. In addition, childbirth may have incured blood losses. Thus a woman may need iron supplements during lactation, even though, until menstruation resumes, her iron requirement is about half that of other non preganant woman her age.

Particular foods

Foods with strong or spicy flavors, such as garlic, may alter flavor of breast milk. A sudden change in the taste of milk may annoy some infant. Infants who develop symptomps of allergy may be more comfortble if the mother’s diet excludes the most common offenders-cow’s milk, eggs, fish, and peanuts. Generally, infants with strong family history of food allergies benefit from breastfeeding.

Some substance may impair milk production or enter breast milk and interfere with infant develpoment. A breastfeeding mother should avoid alcohol, smoking, caffeine, environmental contaminants, and consult with her physician prior to taking any drug, including herbal supplement.

Constipation I

2008-06-24T02:58:00.000-07:00

Constipation is a symptom that represents a subjective interpretation of bowel function disturbance. In clinical practice, constipation is generally defined as fewer than three bowel movements per week. It is more prevalent in children and the elderly. Constipation can have many causes, but most often is functional or idiopathic. Chronic constipation may diminish quality of life and it may also signal more serious underlying problems such as large bowel dismotility or mass lesions.

The process of defecation involves the propulsion of stool through the large bowel, the recognition for stool within the terminal end of large bowel (rectum), and the conscious act of defecation. Constipation can be caused by obstruction of the large bowel flow (due to anatomic or functional disorder) or poor propulsive activity (due to inhibition of motility caused by drugs, metabolic disease, or diffuse nerve/ muscle disease).

A patient’s perception of constipation may vary. It may include not only the objective observation of infrequent bowel movements, but also the subjective complaints of straining at stooling, incomplete evacuation, abdominal bloating or pain, hard or small stools, or a need for digital manipulation to enable defecation. Thus, an international committee has recommended operational definitions of chronic functional constipation in adults, infants and young children to guide the evaluation and treatment of constipation.

Other health Site: Health Care

Cervical Cancer: can it be prevented?

2008-06-23T05:02:00.000-07:00

Introduction

The cervix is the lower part of the womb (uterus) and is often called the neck of the womb. Cancers that start in the cervix are called cervical cancer. Around 8000 women in Indonesia die each year because of cervical cancer. This kind of cancer is the biggest cause of death among women in Indonesia, much more than death due breast cancer.

How cancer of the cervix develops?

Cancer of the cervix can take many years to develop. Before it does, changes occur in the cells of the cervix. These abnormal cells are not cancerous, and are called cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) or pre-cancerous stage. The cells might develop into cancer in some women if they are not treated. It is important to know that most women with CIN do not develop cancer.

Symptoms of cervical cancer

The most common symptoms of cervical cancer is abnormal bleeding, such as between periods or after intercourse. Women who have had their menopause may have some new bleeding. Often there is also a bad smelling vaginal discharge, and discomfort during intercourse.

How cervical cancer is diagnosed?

Risk factors of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is usually caused by a sexually transmitted virus called the human papilloma virus (HPV), but most HPV infections will not lead to cancer. Women who have sexual intercourse at an early age and having multiple sexual partners can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer. Cigarette smoking also increases the risk of cervical cancer.

Prevention

Cervical screening should be done every year with regular Pap test. At or after age 30, women who have had 3 normal test results in arrow may get screened every 2 or 3 years.

A vaccine to prevent infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) would be a major step forward in women’s health. Avoid several risk factors mentioned above.

Treatment for cervical cancer

Cancer of the cervix can be treated with either surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments. Surgery is the main treatment for cancer of the cervix in its early stages. Radiotherapy is sometimes used after surgery if there is a risk that some cancer cells may be left behind, to help reduce the risk of the cancer coming back. Sometimes radiotherapy is combined with chemotherapy. If the cancer has spread beyond the cervix, and is not curable with surgery alone, radiotherapy is the usual treatment

Urinary Incontinence in Women

2008-06-21T02:44:00.000-07:00

Urinary incontinence is not only a problem for children. Many adult women experience urinary incontinence. As the age increase, the risk of UI is also increase. Urinary incontinence (UI) can be slightly bothersome or totally debilitating. For some women, the risk of public embarrassment keeps them from enjoying many activities with their family and friends. Urine loss can also occur during sexual activity dan cause tremendous emotional distress. Women experience twice as often as men.

What is urinary incontinence ?

Urinary incontinence is the accidental release of urine. You can’t control when you urinate, as a result, you wet your clothes. This can be embarrassing dan become hygiene and social problems. There are two main kinds of chronic UI. Stress incontinence occurs when you sneeze, cough, lough, jog or do other things that put pressure on your bladder. It is the most common type of UI in women. Otehr type of incontinence is urge incontinnce, also called overactive bladder, happens when you have a strong need to urinate but can’t reach the toilet in time. This can be happen even when your baldder is holding only a small amount of urine. Some women may have no warning before they accidentally leak urine. Other women may leak urine when they drink water or when they hear or touch running water. Mixed incontinence is a combination of stress and urge incontinence. These problems often occur together in older women.

What causes of urinary incontinence?

UI can be caused by many different medical problems. UI may be caused by weak muscles in the lower urinary tract and problem or damage either in the urinary tract or in the nerves that control urinate. Women experience UI twice as often as men. Pregnancy and childbirth, menopause, and the structure of the female urinary tract account for this difference.

Stress incontinence can be caused by childbirth, weightgain, or other condition that strecth the pelvic floor muscles. When these muscles cannot support your bladder properly, the bladder drops down and pushes against vagina. You can not tighten the muscle that close off the urthra. So urine may leak because of the extra pressure on the baldder when you cough, sneeze, laugh, exercise, or do other activities. UI during preganncy can cure by itself. But, if you still have UI 6 months after childbirth, you should consult with your doctor.

Urge incontinence is caused by an overactive bladder muscle that pushes urine out of bladder. It may be caused by irritation of the bladder, emotional stress, or brain condition such as Parkinson’s disease or stroke.

Other causes of UI are : use of certain medicine such as diuretic , urinary tract infection, obesity, high level of blood glucose or calsium, build-up stool in the bowels, not being able to move around, and consume of tea, coffee, and soft drink.

How can it be treated?

Treatment depends on what’s causing the problem and what type of incontinence you have. Some behaviour treatments are used to treat UI, medicine and surgery are other options.

Kegel exercise and bladder training help some types of incontinence. Kegel exercise help strengthen the muscles that control the bladder. They can be done anywhere, any time. It takes 3 to 6 months to see an improvement. To locate the right muscles, try stopping or slowing your urine flow without our muscles, using your stomach, leg or buttock muscles. When you are able to slow or stop the stream of urine, you have located the right muscles. Squeeze your muscles, hold for a count of 10. Relax for a count of 10. Do this 20 times, 3 to 4 times a day. This exercise if effective for stress incontinence.

Women with urge incontinence can do baldder training. They can learn to lengthen the time between urges to go to the bathrooms. You Start by urinating at set intervals, such as 30 minutes to 2 hours – wheter you feel the need to go or not. Then gradually lengthen the time between when you urinate, until you are urinating every 3 to 4 hours.

Medicine can be given to women with UI if the behaviour interventions do not give improvement.

How to prevent urinary incontinence ?

Kegel exercise will strengthen your pelvic muscles and may lower your risk for UI. If you smoke, start to quiting it, becaue it may make you cough less, which then reduce risk of UI.

Osteoporosis

2008-06-20T07:27:00.001-07:00

Osteoporosis, or porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fractures of the hip, spine, and wrist. Anyone can develop osteoporosis, but it is common in older women.

Sign and symptoms
In the early stages of bone loss, there usually no pain or symptoms. But once bones have been weakened by osteoporosis, signs and symptoms will come up, including:

Back pain, which can be severe if there is a fractured or collapsed vertebra

Loss of height over time

Fracture of vertebrae, wrists, hips or other bones

Risk factors
A number of factors can increase the likelihood of developing osteoporosis, including:

Risk factors that cannot be changed:
Gender: the chances of developing osteoporosis are greater if we are a woman. Women have less bone tissue and lose bone faster than men because of the changes that happen with menopause.
Age: the older we are, the greater our risk of osteoporosis.
Body size: small, thin- boned women are at greater risk.
Ethnicity: Caucasian and Asian women are at highest risk.
Family history: osteoporosis runs in families. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts us at greater risk, especially if we also have a family history of fractures.

Risk factors that can be changed:
Sex hormones: abnormal absence of menstrual periods, low estrogen level (menopause), and low testosterone level in men can bring on osteoporosis.
Calcium and vitamin D intake: a lifelong lack of calcium plays a major role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to poor bone density, early bone loss and increased risk of fractures. Vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption and in bone health. Thus, vitamin D deficiency results in impairment in calcium absorption and contributes to poor bone health.
Medication use: long-term use of steroids and some anticonvulsants can lead to loss of bone density and fracture.
Lifestyle: Bone health begins in childhood. Children who are physically active and consume adequate amounts of calcium-containing foods have the greatest bone density. An inactive lifestyle or extended bed rest tends to weaken bones. Exercise throughout life is important, any weight bearing exercise is beneficial.
Cigarette smoking: tobacco use contributes to weak bones.

Prevention
Calcium: an inadequate supply of calcium over a lifetime contributes to the development of osteoporosis. Good sources of calcium include low fat dairy products, such as milk, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream; dark green vegetable, such as broccoli, bokchoy, and spinach; sardines and salmon with bones; tofu; almonds; and food fortified with calcium, such as cereals and breads. Depending upon how much calcium we get each day from food, we may need to take a calcium suplement.
Vitamin D: vitamin D plays an important role in calcium absorption and in bone health. It is made in the skin through exposure to sunlight. While many people are able to obtain enough vitamin D naturally, studies show that vitamin D production decreases in the elderly and in people who are housebound. Depending on our situation, we may need to take vitamin D supplements to ensure a daily intake of between 400 to 800 IU of vitamin D.
Exercise: weight-bearing exercise is the best for our bones because it forces us to work against gravity. Examples include walking, hiking, jogging, stair climbing, tennis, and dancing.
Smoking: smoking is bad for the bones as well as for the heart and lungs women who smoke have lower levels of estrogen compared to nonsmoker. Smoker also may absorb less calcium from the diets. So, stop smoking !!!
Medication: the long-term use of glucocorticoids ( medications prescribed for a wide range of diseases, including asthma, arthritis, lupus, etc) can lead to a loss of bone density and fractures. Long-term treatment with phenytoin (Dilantin), barbiturate, alumunium-containing antacids, certain cancer treatments, and excessive thyroid hormone can also result in bone loss. It is important to discuss the use of these drugs with doctors. Don’t stop or change medication dose without consultation with the doctor.

Detection of osteoporosis
A bone mineral density (BMD) test is the best way to determine our bone health. BMD test can identify osteoporosis, determine risk for fractures, and measure the response to osteoporosis treatment. The most widely recognized bone mineral density test is called a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or DXA test. It is painless- a bit like having an x ray, but with much less exposure to radiation.

Treatment
Nutrition:
the foods we eat contain a variety of vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients that help keep our bodies healthy. Calcium and vitamin D are needed for strong bones, and for the heart, muscles, and nerves to function properly. Vitamin D can be obtained by 15-30 minutes of sun exposure, 3 times a week.
Exercise:
Exercise not only improves bone health, but it increases muscle strength, coordination, and balance, and leads to better overall health. Any weight-bearing exercise is beneficial, but jumping and hoping seem particularly helpful for creating healthy bones.
Therapeutic medications:
There are several medications which can be used to treat osteoporosis such as Biphosphonate (risedronate, alendronate, ibandronate), Raloxifene, Calcitonin, Estrogen. Discuss the various options with the doctor to determine which might be best for you. Good information about the dosage, indication, contraindication, side effects of drugs should be obtained from the doctor.

Sleep Disorders in Older People (Part II)

2008-06-19T18:56:00.001-07:00

One of common complains among older people is sleep disturbance. They frequently complain that they find it difficult to fall asleep or only can sleep for a few hours and wake more frequently during the night. It is still a big question for them and their families that need to be answered, whether these conditions are normal or abnormal in older people. Part I of five reviews on Sleep Disorder in Older People will highlight the changes in sleep pattern associated with aging

Sleep is a vital physiologic process with important restorative functions. Normal sleep progresses through several stages.

Aging is associated with several changes in pattern of sleep. Typically, there is a phase advance in the normal circadian sleep cycle: older people tend to go to sleep earlier in the evening but also to wake earlier; wake more frequently during the night and experience fragmented sleep. With aging, the total amount of time asleep shortens: infants and young children sleep an average of 16-20 hours per day; adults, 7-8; and people over 60 years of age, 6½ hours daily. Delta sleep (stage 3 and 4), the deepest and most refreshing form of sleep, diminishes with age.

In short, typical sleep changes with aging are as follows:decreased total nocturnal sleep time; delayed onset of sleep; advanced circadian phase: early to bed, early to rise; reduced slow-wave sleep; reduced REM-sleep; reduced threshold for arousal from sleep; fragmented sleep with multiple arousals; daytime napping.

Urinary Tract Infections

2008-06-19T06:40:00.000-07:00

Urinary tract infections are a serious health problem affecting millions of people each year. Infections of the urinary tract are the second most common type of infection in the body. In United States, urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 8.3 million doctor visits each year. Women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons that are not yet well understood. One woman in five develops a UTI during her lifetime. UTIs in men are not as common as in Women but can be very serious when they do occur.

What are the causes of UTI?

Normally, urine is sterile. It is usually free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi but does contain fluids, salts, and waste products. An infection occurs when tiny organisms, usually bacteria from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. Most infections arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the colon.

Who is at risk?

Some people are more prone to getting a UTI than others. Any abnormality of the urinary tract that obstructs the flow of urine (a kidney stone or congenital abnormalities, for example) sets the stage for an infection. An enlarged prostate gland also can slow the flow of urine, thus raising the risk of infection.

The use of catheters, or tubes, placed in the urethra and bladder in a person who cannot void or who is unconscious or critically ill is increasing risk of UTIs. People with diabetes have a higher risk of a UTI because of changes in the immune system. Any other disorder that suppresses the immune system raises the risk of a urinary infection.

In adult Women, the rate of UTIs gradually increases with age. Scientists are not sure why Women have more urinary infections than men. One factor may be that

A woman’s urethra is short, allowing bacteria quick access to the bladder. Also, a woman’s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and vagina.

For many Women, sexual intercourse seems to trigger an infection, although the reasons for this linkage are unclear.

What are the symptoms of UTI?

Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms, but most people get at least some symptoms. These may include a frequent urge to urinate and a painful, burning feeling in the area of the bladder or urethra during urination. The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even reddish if blood is present. Normally, a UTI does not cause fever if it is in the bladder or urethra. A fever may mean that the infection has reached the kidneys. Other symptoms of a kidney infection include pain in the back or side below the ribs, nausea, or vomiting. In older people, sometimes there is no specific symptom when they are suffering from UTIs. Mental changes or confusion often are the only signs of urinary tract infections.

How is UTI diagnosed?

To find out whether someone has a UTI, besides asking for those symptoms above, the doctor will test a sample of urine for pus and bacteria. The patient will be asked to give a "clean catch" urine sample by washing the genital area and collecting a "midstream" sample of urine in a sterile container. This method of collecting urine helps prevent bacteria around the genital area from getting into the sample and confusing the test results. Usually, the sample is sent to a laboratory, although some doctors’ offices are equipped to do the testing.

In the urinalysis test, the urine is examined for white and red blood cells and bacteria. Then the bacteria are grown in a culture and tested against different antibiotics to see which drug best destroys the bacteria. This last step is called a sensitivity test.

How is UTI treated?

UTIs are treated with antibacterial drugs (antibiotics). The choice of drug and length of treatment depend on the patient’s history and the urine tests that identify the offending bacteria. The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping the doctor select the most effective drug. Often, a UTI can be cured with 1 or 2 days of treatment if the infection is not complicated by an obstruction or other disorder. Still, many doctors ask their patients to take antibiotics for a week or two to ensure that the infection has been cured. A follow-up urinalysis helps to confirm that the urinary tract is infection-free. It is important to take the full course of treatment because symptoms may disappear before the infection is fully cleared. Severely ill patients with kidney infections may be hospitalized until they can take fluids and needed drugs on their own. Kidney infections generally require several weeks of antibiotic treatment. In such cases, kidney infections rarely lead to kidney damage or kidney failure unless they go untreated.

Recurrent Infections in Women

Women who have had three UTIs are likely to continue having them. Four out of five such Women get another within 18 months of the last UTI. Many Women have them even more often. A woman who has frequent recurrences (three or more a year) can ask her doctor about one of the following treatment options:

Take low doses of an antibiotic such as TMP/SMZ or nitrofurantoin daily for 6 months or longer. If taken at bedtime, the drug remains in the bladder longer and may be more effective.
Take a single dose of an antibiotic after sexual intercourse.
Take a short course (1 or 2 days) of antibiotics when symptoms appear.

Dipsticks that change color when an infection is present are now available without a prescription. The strips detect nitrite, which is formed when bacteria change nitrate in the urine to nitrite. The test can detect about 90 percent of UTIs when used with the first morning urine specimen and may be useful for Women who have recurrent infections.

Doctors suggest some additional steps that a woman can take on her own to avoid an infection:

Drink plenty of water every day.
Urinate when you feel the need; don’t resist the urge to urinate.
Wipe from front to back to prevent bacteria around the anus from entering the vagina or urethra.
Take showers instead of tub baths.
Cleanse the genital area before sexual intercourse.
Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays and scented douches, which may irritate the urethra.
Some doctors suggest drinking cranberry juice.

Infections in Pregnancy

Pregnant Women seem no more prone to UTIs than other Women. However, when a UTI does occur in a pregnant woman, it is more likely to travel to the kidneys. According to some reports, about 2 to 4 percent of pregnant Women develop a urinary infection. Scientists think that hormonal changes and shifts in the position of the urinary tract during pregnancy make it easier for bacteria to travel up the ureters to the kidneys. For this reason, many doctors recommend periodic testing of urine during pregnancy.

Hepatitis during Pregnancy II

2008-06-19T05:51:00.001-07:00

In the previuos article (Hepatitis During Pregnancy I) We have already discussed about basic definition of hepatitis and how if hepatitis happen during pregnancy. In this article We will discuss about how to prevent transmission to the baby and how to prevent hepatitis infection.

How to prevent transmission to the baby

As the baby who gets the hepatitis B or C infection have more risk to develop chronic hepatitis with its complications, it is important to prevent –or at least to reduce the risk of– transmission from the mother. Until now, only the hepatitis B infection that already has immunization to prevent the transmission. When a pregnant mother was known having hepatitis B infection, usually the test for HBsAg was positive, as soon as possible (usually not more than 12 hour) after delivery the baby should get the hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) injection, and before leaving the hospital should get the first shot of hepatitis B vaccination. The hepatitis B vaccination should be continued for 2^nd shot on one month, and 3^rd shot on six months later. This procedure will reduce the risk of transmission for less than 3 percent. Unfortunately for the hepatitis C infection we could not doing this kind like of procedure, because the effective hepatitis C vaccination is not discovered yet. The risks for transmission of hepatitis B or C were not different due to the ways of delivery, either normal delivery or sectio-caesarean.

How to prevent the hepatitis infection

We already discussed how to prevent the transmission of hepatitis to the baby from the infected mother. Now we will discuss about how to prevent the hepatitis infection, including in pregnant woman.

It is important to know the risk factors of transmission in order to prevent the viral hepatitis infection. It was mentioned those two ways that important for viral hepatitis transmission: food/drink and body fluid. Hepatitis A and E virus were transmitted by contaminated food or drink, so keeping the personal and environmental hygiene was the most effective way for prevention. Whilst the hepatitis B, C, and virus were transmitted by body fluid, such as contaminated needle injection or blood transfusion, or having sexual intercourse with someone who have the hepatitis.

Immunization is another effective way for preventing the infection. Until now, only hepatitis A and B that already have the vaccines for prevent the transmission/infection of hepatitis. Hepatitis B vaccination now already declared as one of the national program of immunization, whilst the hepatitis A is still as an additional vaccination. People who never got the hepatitis B vaccination before and now suspected just having the risk of infection (such as injected by contaminated needle or have sexual intercourse with infected person) can gets the shot that called hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) for rapid protection. The HBIG can also give in pregnant woman.

Hypertension in Pregnancy

2008-06-19T05:45:00.000-07:00

One of common medical problems encounter during pregnancy is hypertension, which complicates 2-3 percent of pregnancies. Hypertension in pregnancy may cause maternal morbidity (including eclamptic seizures, intracerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation) and fetal morbidity (including intrauterine fetal growth retardation, intrauterine fetal death, abruptio placentae, and premature delivery). It also remains a leading source of maternal mortality.

Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy can be classified into 4 categories:

1. Chronic hypertension: hypertension (blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg in the sitting position; after sitting quietly for 5-10 minutes before each blood pressure measurement) has been diagnosed before pregnancy or before 20 weeks of gestation.

2. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: new onset of elevated blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation, concomitant with rapid weight gain due to edema and laboratory finding of protein in the urine (proteinuria). Eclampsia: the same as preeclampsia with occurrence of seizures

3. Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension: preeclampsia which happens in pregnancy woman with pre-existing hypertension

4. Gestational hypertension: transient hypertension of pregnancy occurring in late pregnancy without any other features of preeclampsia, with normalization of blood pressure postpartum. Transient hypertension is associated with later life development of chronic hypertension.

Preeclampsia occurs in approximately 5% of all pregnancy, 10% of first pregnancies, and 20-25% of pregnant women with history of chronic hypertension. Maternal personal risk factors of preeclampsia to include first pregnancy, new partner/ paternity, age younger than 18 years old or older than 35 years old, history of preeclampsia, family history of preeclampsia in a first-degree relative, obesity, and inter-pregnancy interval less than 2 years or more than 10 years.

Preeclampsia is primarily a disorder of endothelial function of vasculature with associated vasospasm. Altered maternal immune response to fetal/ placental tissue may also contribute to the development of preeclampsia. Endothelial damage not only leads to diffuse microthrombosis of placenta that cause abnormal placental development or placental damage, but also leads to multiple organ dysfunctions and pathologic capillary leak which manifest in the mother as rapid weigh gain, edema (sudden worsening of lower extremity edema, edema of hands and face), pulmonary edema, and/ or hemoconcentration (hemoglobin levels greater than 13 g/dL). Abnormal placenta due to diffuse microthrombosis will decrease utero-placental blood flow which affects the fetus and can be manifest clinically as intrauterine fetal growth retardation and oligohydramnios.

Based on those have stated above, antenatal care is very important in all pregnancies to identify hypertension in pregnancy and get prompt treatment. Moreover, women with hypertension during pregnancy require postpartum medical follow up.

Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

2008-06-17T05:26:00.000-07:00

	Print

The exact cause of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy remains unclear, but it is generally mild, self-limited condition that may be controlled with conservative measures. Few data support the theory that psychological factors are responsible for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Delayed gastric motility caused by progesterone, may be responsible for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, but the roles of other hormones (human chorionic gonadotropin and estrogen) which also increase during pregnancy, are controversial.

A small percentage of pregnant women have a more profound course of nausea and vomiting, with the most severe form being hyperemesis gravidarum, which affects one in 200 pregnant women. The clinical features of hyperemesis gravidarum include persistent vomiting, dehydration, ketosis, electrolyte disturbances, and weight loss (more than 5% of body weight). Multiple gestation, gestational trophoblastic disease, triploidy, trisomy 21 syndrome (Down syndrome), and hydrops fetalis have been associated with an increased incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum. A recent study suggested that chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori may play a role in hyperemesis gravidarum. Hyperemesis gravidarum, may have negative implications for maternal (e.g. esophageal rupture) and fetal health (e.g. fetal growth restriction and mortality).

Pregnant women with persistent nausea and vomiting or worsening symptoms or if nausea and vomiting begin after nine weeks of gestation, should be carefully evaluated to rule out the most common pregnancy-related (hyperemesis gravidarum, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and preeclampsia) and nonpregnancy-related causes of vomiting (gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary tract disorders, metabolic disorders, neurologic disorders, and drug toxicity or intolerance).

Initial treatment for women with mild nausea and vomiting of pregnancy should be conservative and should involve dietary changes and emotional support. They should be instructed to eat frequent, small meals and to avoid smells and food textures that cause nausea. Solid food should be bland tasting, high in carbohydrates, and low in fat. Salty foods (e.g. salted crackers, potato chips) usually can be tolerated early in the morning, and sour and tart liquids (e.g. lemonade) often are tolerated better than water. Pregnant women with depression or other affective changes should receive appropriate emotional support.

Women with more complicated nausea and vomiting of pregnancy may need pharmacologic treatment. Pyridoxine (vitamin B₆) has been shown to be safe and effective treatments. If Pyridoxine therapy is unsuccessful, a trial of antiemetics/ antihistamines/ anticholinergics/ motility drugs is warranted (e.g. metoclopramide, diphenhydramine, meclizine, dimenhydrinate, or ondansetron).

Pregnant women with severe vomiting may require hospitalization to have intravenously administered therapy and enteral or total parenteral nutrition.

Breast Cancer

2008-06-10T07:39:00.000-07:00

What is breast cancer?

Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women and is the number two killer (after lung cancer) of women age 35 to 54. it can also occur in men, though incidence is rare. The survival rate has improved because of earlier diagnosis and the variety of treatments now available.

Most breast cancer occurs in the upper outer quadrant (the upper part of the breast closest to the arm). Breast cancer may spread by way of the lymphatic system or bloodstream to the lungs, liver, bones and other organs, or directly to the skin or surrounding tissue.

Diagnosis of breast cancer

The earlier breast cancer is found, the better the chances for successful treatment. A reliable way to detect breast cancer is by monthly self-exam, with immediate evaluation of abnormality. Other tests include mammography (an X-ray of the breast) and biopsy (removal of breast tissue)

Sign and symptoms

Warning signs of breast cancer include:
A lump or mass in the breast
Change in symmetry or size of the breast
Change in the skin, such as thickening or dimpling, scaly skin around the nipple, an orange-peel-like appearance, or ulcers
Change in skin temperature or color a warm, hot, or pink area
Unusual drainage or discharge from the breast
Change in the nipple, such as itching, burning, erosion, or retraction
Swelling of the arm
Pain (with an advanced tumor)

Breast Self Examination (BSE)

The best time to perform a self-exam is about one week after your period ends. If you do not have regular periods, perform a self-exam on the same day every month.

Stand before a mirror. Compare both breasts, noticing the shape and size. It is not unusual for one breast to be larger than the other. Check for the unusual sign such as discharge from nipples, puckering, dimpling, scaling of skin, or change in size or shape. Look at the same things with your arm in different positions.
Raise your left arm. Using the pads of three fingers of your right hand, feel your left breast firmly, carefully and slowly. Begin at the outer edge, pressing in small circles moving slowly around the breast. Be sure to cover the entire breast. Also be sure to examine from your armpit to the collar bone, as well as below your breast.
Gently squeeze the nipple and check for any discharge
Repeat steps 2 and 3 on your right breast
Repeat steps 2 and 3 on both breasts while lying down. You should lie flat on your back, with your arm over your head and a pillow or folded towel under the shoulder of the breast that you are going to examine. This position flattens the breast and makes it easy to check

Mammography

A mammogram is an X-ray taken of the breast. It can detect tumors that are very small, often too small to be detected by a breast self-exam. Every woman should have an initial mammogram between ages 35 and 39. Women ages 40 to 49 should have one every one to two years. Women over age 50, women who have a family history of breast cancer, or women who have had cancer in one breast should have mammogram every year

Biopsy

Biopsy of the breast, which involves obtaining tissue specimens, can be performed on an outpatient basis. After injection of a local anesthetic, a fine needle is directed into the site to be sampled and tissue or fluid is drawn into the needle. This material is then sent to the lab for diagnosis.

Other biopsies are performed in the operating room under general or local anesthesia. The entire lesion is generally removed, and a frozen section and pathologic examination are performed.

Causes of breast cancer

The cause of breast cancer is unknown. But it is higher incidence in women suggests that estrogen is a cause or contributing factor. Women who are at increased risk include those who:

Have a family history of breast cancer
Have a long menstrual history (began menstruating at an early age or experienced menopause late)
Have never been pregnant
Were first pregnant after age 31
Have had cancer in one breast
Have had endometrial or ovarian cancer
Were exposed to low-level ionizing radiation

Treatment option

There are now several surgical treatment options:

Lumpectomy:

Lumpectomy plus radiation is used for small, well-defined cancers.

Partial mastectomy:

In this operation the surgeon removes the tumor along with a wedge of normal tissue, skin, and connective tissue. The lymph nodes under the arm (axillary nodes) may also be removed.

Total mastectomy

In this procedure, the surgeon removes the entire breast. Typically, this operation is done if the cancer remains confined to the breast tissue and the lymph nodes are not involved.

Modified radical mastectomy

The surgeon removes the entire breast, axillary nodes, and the lining that covers the chest muscles

Despite adequate local therapy with surgery with or without radiation, many women experience recurrence of their breast cancers. For some cases, this may be prevented by the use of chemotherapy or tamoxifen.

Anemia in Pregnancy

2008-06-10T07:36:00.000-07:00

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Introduction

Anemia is one of several health problems which can be found during pregnancy. So, it is extra important to ensure that we are getting the recommended daily intake of iron since the baby will be drawing from our iron reserves. A lack of sufficient iron from the diet can result in anemia, which can put both mother and the baby at risk.

What is anemia?

Anemia refers to a condition whereby the body lacks of appropriate amount of hemoglobin, or red blood cells. Red blood cells are an important part of the body’s blood system as they carry oxygen to other cells in the body. Having a shortage of these blood cells means that the body must work harder to get that oxygen to its organs and tissue, and we are likely to feel lethargic.

The role of iron in anemia

Anemia can be caused by a variety of things. The most common form of anemia is due to vitamin or nutrient deficiency. Known as nutritional anemia, a lack of iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12 can result in a woman developing anemia.

Normally, the recommended daily intake of iron for an adult woman is 18 mg per day. During pregnancy, though, this increases to 27 mg per day due to the rise in maternal blood volume. Unfortunately, most women already have low iron stores prior to their pregnancy. Even if we eat a well-balanced diet while pregnant, it is still unlikely that we will get the recommended 27 mg of iron a day since even the most nutritional diet only provides us with a small amount of iron.

Sign and symptom of anemia

Many women do not realize that they have developed anemia. It is not unusual for women with a mild condition to fail to notice any symptoms of an iron deficiency. Several typical signs of anemia include:

Breathlessness
Tiredness, weakness, or fainting
Paleness, infrequent:
Palpitations or an abnormal awareness of the heartbeat
Inflamed, sore tongue,
Nausea
Headache
Jaundice

Causes of anemia

Poor diet with inadequate iron
Folic acid deficiency
Loss of blood from bleeding hemorrhoids or gastrointestinal bleeding
Even if iron and folic acid intake are sufficient, a pregnant woman may become anemic because pregnancy alters the digestive process.
How to determine that we have an iron deficiency

Anemia treatment

If the test indicates anemic condition, an iron supplement 60 to 120 mg a day or more should be consumed. To make sure the iron is absorbed as much as possible, the iron pills should be taken on an empty stomach. Wash them down with water or orange juice as vitamin C helps with absorption, but not with milk (calcium hinders absorption)

How to get enough iron

There are many iron rich foods that make up a healthy diet. Red meat is perhaps one of the best sources of iron but fish and poultry come in at a close second. For those of you who prefer to get your iron from non-meat sources, look to include tofu, egges, leafy green vegetables, broccoli, whole-grain bread, iron fortified cereals and dried fruit in the diet.

Tips for Breast Fedding

2008-06-10T07:19:00.001-07:00

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Breast milk is the best food for infant during the first 6 month. Nutrient composition and protective factors in breast milk promote optimal infant health and development throughout the first year of life. Breast milk is more easily to digest than formula, so breastfeed infant usually need to eat more frequently than formula-fed infants. During the first week, infant need 8-12 times feeding a day. After that, feeding can be gave on demand, as soon as infant shows early signs of hunger, such as increased alertness, activity, or sucking motions. Crying is a late sign of hunger.

An infant who nurses every two to three hours and sleeps between feeding is adequatley nourished. As infants get older, the stomach capacitu enlarges and the breat milk production increase, allow longer interval between feeding.

Breast milk production will become optimal only if infant sucking breast early. Colostrum is very recommended for infant to prevent infant from infectious disease. Although the infants obtain about half the milk from breast during the first two or three minutes of sucking, breastfeeding is encouraged for about 10-15 minutes on each breast. It will incrase intimate bound between mother and the baby.

It is clear that breast milk is not only have the best nutrient and protect infant from diseases, but it also has psychological aspect that is increase intimate bound between mother and the baby. Based on those, World Health Organozation (WHO) have recommended to give only breast milk for the first 6 months (exclusive breast milk) wihout any supplement food or formula for infant. Many studies have proved that breast milk contain good nutrient composition and can fullfill the nutrition requirement of the baby throughout first six months.

Here are some tips for mother in breast feeding their baby :

1. It is recommended to start breast feding with relax and feel of happy.

2. Breast milk should be given since the first day of birth.

3. Start to breast feed for 5 minutes with one breast. Later, mother can prolong the time with one or two breasts depend on breast milk production.

4. Give as much breast milk as possible. It is not recommended to make schedule of breast feeding. After some weeks, infant can arrange his own schedule.

5. Vitamin and mineral supplementation were not needed by infant during having breast milk for first 6 months, except for Flour may be needed in some cases.

6. Mother should eat regularly with adequate nutrient intake.

7. Mother was not allowed to have drugs without any recommendation from the doctor.

Obesity

2008-06-10T07:13:00.000-07:00

What is Obesity

The term obesity is simply defined as too much body fat. The percentage of body tissue that is body fat varies according to gender and age. People are considered obese if their weight is 20% or more above their ideal weight range. Morbid obesity is when a people are 50% or more above their ideal weight range. Obesity is a long-term disease that increases the risk of developing other serious health problems, including high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke.

Causes of Obesity

Obesity has become a major public health problem, with both genetic and environmental causes. It usually results from more than one cause. The main cause of obesity is energy imbalance. It is when more energy (calories) is taken from food than is used through physical activity. Weight gain is the result and the excess energy is stored as fat. Other factors that can contribute to a person’s weight are age, gender, genetics, environmental factors, psychological factors, illness and medication.

Health Risks Associated with Obesity

If you are obese, you have a greater risk of developing serious health problems. If you lose weight, the risk is reduced. The following is a list of diseases and disorders that can develop as a result of obesity :

Brain: Psychological disorders (low-self esteem, depression), stroke; Esophagus: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), heartburn; Arteries: High blood pressure, arteriosclerosis; Lungs; Heart; Gall-bladder; Pancreas; Kidneys; Colon; Bladder; Bones

Treatment for Obesity

Obesity is a chronic disease and it needs long-term management. The focus usually is to reduce the risk for developing health problems, as well as to lose the excess weight. If you are obese, it is best to consult a healthcare professional to help determine how much weight you should lose and what kind of weight loss program is appropriate.

A good plan is to gradually reduce your weight. Weight loss of one to two pounds per week is a safe and healthy strategy. A successful treatment plan can include one or more of the following options: diet, physical activity, therapy, counseling, and surgery.